Endometriosis, a complex inflammatory disease, affects a significant proportion of women of reproductive age, approximately 10-15%. The disease involves the growth of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, leading to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Hormonal imbalances, accompanied by local and general inflammation and pain, are key features of endometriosis. Endometriotic lesions are associated with the overproduction of cytokines, metalloproteinases, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen radicals, and extracellular vesicles. Genetic predisposition and cytokine gene polymorphisms have been documented. Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, Th1 in the early phase, Th2 in the late phase, and T regulatory cells play a crucial role in endometriosis. Reduced NK cell function and impaired immune vigilance contribute to endometrial growth. The strong inflammatory condition of the endometrium poses a barrier to the proper implantation of the zygote, contributing to the infertility of these patients. Cytokines from various cell types vary with the severity of the disease. The role of microbiota in endometriosis is still under study. Endometriosis is associated with autoimmunity and ovarian cancer. Hormonal treatments and surgery are commonly used; however, recent interest focuses on anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies, including cytokine and anti-cytokine antibodies. Modulating the immune response has proven critical; however, more research is needed to optimize treatment for these patients.

• Keywords
• autoimmunity, cancer, cytokines, endometriosis, inflammation, therapy,
• MeSH
• Cytokines metabolism   immunology   MeSH
• Endometriosis * immunology   therapy   pathology   etiology   MeSH
• Endometrium immunology   pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cytokines MeSH

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 24 weeks of gestation. It affects 3-5% of women who are attempting to conceive. RPL can stem from a variety of causes and is frequently associated with psychological distress and a diminished quality of life. By contrast, recurrent implantation failure (RIF) refers to the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy after three or more high-quality embryo transfers or at least two instances of egg donation. RIF shares several causative factors with RPL. The immunological underpinnings of these conditions involve alterations in uterine NK cells, reductions in M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, an increased Th1/Th2 ratio, a decreased Treg/Th17 ratio, the presence of shared ≥3 HLA alleles between partners, and autoimmune disorders. Various therapeutic approaches have been employed to address these immunological concerns, achieving varying degrees of success, although some therapies remain contentious within the medical community. This review intends to explore the immunological factors implicated in RPL and RIF and to analyze the immunological treatments employed for these conditions, which may include steroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-TNF antibodies, intralipid infusions, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and lymphocyte immunotherapy.

• Keywords
• HLA, NK cells, T regulatory cells, Th1, Th17, Th2, cytokines, macrophages, recurrent implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss,
• MeSH
• Abortion, Habitual * immunology   therapy   MeSH
• Embryo Implantation * immunology   MeSH
• Immunotherapy methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH