UNLABELLED: Next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. Functional data are, however, lacking. Given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland extracts) and the innate and adaptive vertebrate immune system. The information is intended to serve as a reference for functional characterization of the numerous genes and proteins expressed in tick salivary glands with an ultimate goal to develop novel vector and pathogen control strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: We overview all the known interactions of tick saliva with the vertebrate immune system. The provided information is important, given the recent developments in high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of gene expression in tick salivary glands, since it may serve as a guideline for the functional characterization of the numerous newly-discovered genes expressed in tick salivary glands.

• Klíčová slova
• Adaptive immunity, Innate immunity, Saliva, Salivary glands, Tick,
• MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   MeSH
• klíšťata imunologie   MeSH
• modely imunologické MeSH
• přirozená imunita imunologie   MeSH
• sliny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH

The impact of Ixodes ricinus salivary gland extract (SGE) on inflammatory changes in the skin and draining lymph nodes of mice, elicited by the infection with the important human pathogen, B. afzelii, was determined using flow cytometry. SGE injected together with spirochetes reduced the numbers of leukocytes and gammadelta-T lymphocytes in infected epidermis at early time-points post infection. In draining lymph nodes, the anti-inflammatory effect of SGE was manifested by the decrease of total cell count compared with that in mice treated with inactivated SGE. Changes in subpopulations of immunocompetent cells apparently reflected the effect of SGE on the proliferation of spirochetes in the host. The significance of tick saliva anti-inflammatory effect for saliva activated transmission of B. afzelii is shown.

• MeSH
• Borrelia burgdorferi komplex růst a vývoj   MeSH
• klíšťata imunologie   MeSH
• kůže imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• lymeská nemoc imunologie   patologie   přenos   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• počet lymfocytů MeSH
• podskupiny lymfocytů MeSH
• slinné žlázy imunologie   MeSH
• tkáňové extrakty imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tkáňové extrakty MeSH

When feeding on vertebrate host ticks (ectoparasitic arthropods and potential vectors of bacterial, rickettsial, protozoal, and viral diseases) induce both innate and specific acquired host-immune reactions as part of anti-tick defenses. In a resistant host immune defense can lead to reduced tick viability, sometimes resulting in tick death. Tick responds to the host immune attack by secreting saliva containing pharmacologically active molecules and modulating host immune response. Tick saliva-effected immunomodulation at the attachment site facilitates both tick feeding and enhances the success of transmission of pathogens from tick into the host. On the other hand, host immunization with antigens from tick saliva can induce anti-tick resistance and is seen to be able to induce immunity against pathogens transmitted by ticks. Many pharmacological properties of saliva described in ticks are shared widely among other blood-feeding arthropods.

• MeSH
• arachnida jako vektory MeSH
• imunita účinky léků   MeSH
• infestace klíšťaty imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• klíšťata chemie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty imunologie   přenos   MeSH
• slinné proteiny a peptidy farmakologie   MeSH
• slinné žlázy fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• slinné proteiny a peptidy MeSH

Salivary gland extract (SGE) from Ixodes ricinus ticks inhibited the killing of Borrelia afzelii spirochetes by murine macrophages. SGE also reduced the production of two major defense molecules of phagocytes, superoxide and nitric oxide. It is likely that the suppression of macrophage microbicidal mechanisms contributes to the inhibitory effect of tick saliva on the killing of B. afzelii spirochetes, thus facilitating the transmission of this important pathogen.

• MeSH
• Borrelia imunologie   MeSH
• klíště fyziologie   MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• sliny fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH