UNLABELLED: Next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. Functional data are, however, lacking. Given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland extracts) and the innate and adaptive vertebrate immune system. The information is intended to serve as a reference for functional characterization of the numerous genes and proteins expressed in tick salivary glands with an ultimate goal to develop novel vector and pathogen control strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: We overview all the known interactions of tick saliva with the vertebrate immune system. The provided information is important, given the recent developments in high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of gene expression in tick salivary glands, since it may serve as a guideline for the functional characterization of the numerous newly-discovered genes expressed in tick salivary glands.

Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Budweis Czech Republic

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Budweis Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Budweis Czech Republic; Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Budweis Czech Republic

Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Budweis Czech Republic

Section of Vector Biology Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA

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Tick salivary cystatin Iristatin limits the virus replication in skin of tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected mice

Tick cysteine protease inhibitors suppress immune responses in mannan-induced psoriasis-like inflammation

Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi

Bioinformatic Analysis of Ixodes ricinus Long Non-Coding RNAs Predicts Their Binding Ability of Host miRNAs

Serpins in Tick Physiology and Tick-Host Interaction

Structural and biochemical characterization of the novel serpin Iripin-5 from Ixodes ricinus

Ixodes ricinus Salivary Serpin Iripin-8 Inhibits the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation and Complement

Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges

Tick Salivary Compounds for Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy

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The Use of Tick Salivary Proteins as Novel Therapeutics

Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

The structure and function of Iristatin, a novel immunosuppressive tick salivary cystatin

Salivary Tick Cystatin OmC2 Targets Lysosomal Cathepsins S and C in Human Dendritic Cells

The Tick Protein Sialostatin L2 Binds to Annexin A2 and Inhibits NLRC4-Mediated Inflammasome Activation

For Whom the Bell Tolls (and Nods): Spit-acular Saliva

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