The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in neurology is a growing field offering opportunities to improve accuracy of diagnosis and treatment of complicated neuronal disorders, plus fostering a deeper understanding of the aetiologies of these diseases through AI-based analyses of large omics data. The most common neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by brain accumulation of specific pathological proteins, accompanied by cognitive impairment. In this review, we summarize the latest progress on the use of AI in different AD-related fields, such as analysis of neuroimaging data enabling early and accurate AD diagnosis; prediction of AD progression, identification of patients at higher risk and evaluation of new treatments; improvement of the evaluation of drug response using AI algorithms to analyze patient clinical and neuroimaging data; the development of personalized AD therapies; and the use of AI-based techniques to improve the quality of daily life of AD patients and their caregivers.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurozobrazování metody   MeSH
• umělá inteligence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Enzymes are in high demand for very diverse biotechnological applications. However, natural biocatalysts often need to be engineered for fine-tuning their properties towards the end applications, such as the activity, selectivity, stability to temperature or co-solvents, and solubility. Computational methods are increasingly used in this task, providing predictions that narrow down the space of possible mutations significantly and can enormously reduce the experimental burden. Many computational tools are available as web-based platforms, making them accessible to non-expert users. These platforms are typically user-friendly, contain walk-throughs, and do not require deep expertise and installations. Here we describe some of the most recent outstanding web-tools for enzyme engineering and formulate future perspectives in this field.

• MeSH
• biotechnologie * MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Comparative evolutionary genomics has revealed that novel protein coding genes can emerge randomly from non-coding DNA. While most of the myriad of transcripts which continuously emerge vanish rapidly, some attain regulatory regions, become translated and survive. More surprisingly, sequence properties of de novo proteins are almost indistinguishable from randomly obtained sequences, yet de novo proteins may gain functions and integrate into eukaryotic cellular networks quite easily. We here discuss current knowledge on de novo proteins, their structures, functions and evolution. Since the existence of de novo proteins seems at odds with decade-long attempts to construct proteins with novel structures and functions from scratch, we suggest that a better understanding of de novo protein evolution may fuel new strategies for protein design.

• MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• proteiny * genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny * MeSH

The three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromatin plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Chromatin conformation is strongly affected by the composition, structural features and dynamic properties of the nucleosome, which in turn determine the nature and geometry of interactions that can occur between neighboring nucleosomes. Understanding how chromatin is spatially organized above the nucleosome level is thus essential for understanding how gene regulation is achieved. Towards this end, great effort has been made to understand how an array of nucleosomes folds into a regular chromatin fiber. This review summarizes new insights into the 3D structure of the chromatin fiber that were made possible by recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy.

• MeSH
• chromatin MeSH
• DNA * MeSH
• elektronová kryomikroskopie MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• nukleozomy * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chromatin MeSH
• DNA * MeSH
• nukleozomy * MeSH

Conventional wisdom has it that proteins fold and assemble into definite structures, and that this defines their function. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are different. In most cases the structures they form have a low degree of order, even when interacting with proteins. Here, we discuss how physical features common to all GAGs-hydrophilicity, charge, linearity and semi-flexibility-underpin the overall properties of GAG-rich matrices. By integrating soft matter physics concepts (e.g. polymer brushes and phase separation) with our molecular understanding of GAG-protein interactions, we can better comprehend how GAG-rich matrices assemble, what their properties are, and how they function. Taking perineuronal nets (PNNs)-a GAG-rich matrix enveloping neurons-as a relevant example, we propose that microphase separation determines the holey PNN anatomy that is pivotal to PNN functions.

• MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix metabolismus   MeSH
• glykosaminoglykany chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny MeSH
• glykosaminoglykany MeSH

During the past few years, NMR methodology for the study of nucleic acids has benefited from new developments that greatly improved state-of-the-art technology for the precise determination of three-dimensional structures. Substantial progress has been made in designing experimental protocols for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings, in sensitivity optimization of triple-resonance experiments and in detection of hydrogen bonds and in developing computational methods for structure refinement using NMR restraints.

• MeSH
• DNA chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• nukleové kyseliny chemie   MeSH
• RNA chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• vodíková vazba MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH
• nukleové kyseliny MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH