This is a general review of international migration trends around the world, with a focus on economic aspects of migration.

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors, Economic Factors *, International Migration *, Migration, Population, Population Dynamics, World *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• emigrace a imigrace * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Future population trends in developed market-economy countries are considered, and their likely social and economic impact assessed. Data are from published sources, including the United Nations. Consideration is given to changes in age distribution and their impact on the economy; the effect of demographic aging on the cost of providing social services, including social security; expected developments in the labor supply; and the effect of these changes on housing.

• Klíčová slova
• Age Distribution--changes *, Age Factors, Demographic Aging *, Demographic Factors, Demographic Impact *, Developed Countries *, Economic Development *, Economic Factors, Financial Activities, Financing, Government, Geographic Factors, Housing *, Human Resources, Labor Force *, Macroeconomic Factors *, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics *, Residence Characteristics, Social Development *, Social Security--cost *, Social Welfare *, Socioeconomic Factors *, Spatial Distribution,
• MeSH
• bydlení * MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• finanční řízení MeSH
• financování vládou MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální péče * MeSH
• sociální zabezpečení * MeSH
• sociální změna * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• věkové rozložení * MeSH
• vyspělé země * MeSH
• zaměstnanost * MeSH
• zdravotničtí pracovníci MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Some issues concerning the determination of an optimum population for Czechoslovakia are discussed, and their implications for the development of appropriate population policies are considered. The authors suggest that population policies should be developed primarily in response to population trends rather than to influence those trends. The focus of the study is on the factors to be considered when developing the concept of an optimum population, rather than on actually calculating optimum population size. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Demography, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe *, Europe, Optimum Population *, Policy *, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Policy *, Population Size *, Population Theory *, Social Policy, Social Sciences, Theoretical Studies *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• hustota populace * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• veřejná politika * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

The author poses the question as to what causes the fluctuations in the birthrate and in population increments in the socialist countries. In order to arrive at an answer, he first analyzes demographic development in Czechoslovakia during the period 1869-1980. By comparing the differences between demographic development in Slovakia and the Czech lands, he shows the changes in demographic processes are not essentially determined by national, historical, or other factors, but are above all a complex reflection of changes in the economic mechanism. In the 2nd part of the article, the author examines in detail economic processes influencing natality and the development of population, as well as the mechanism of mutual influence which exists between demographic and economic processes. He points out that the different causes of demographic development cannot be derived from the level of the living standard, but from its changes (and/or changes in economic development). By analyzing data for the period 1948-80, the author arrives at a more precise definition of these changes in the economy. They include, for instance, changes in the rate of growth of the national economy, changes in the ratio of accumulation and consumption, changes in the ratio of national income formation and use, changes in the structure of the living standard, changes in the development of the economy and consumption in the direction of equilibrium or disequilibrium. At the same time, the author shows how these changes act toward their mutual synthesis. In each stage of development, the decisive factor for the size of population increments and natality is whether the ratio between resources and consumption is adequate, i.e., whether the relevant structure of the living standard is in accord with it. The author also examines the time lag between influences caused by changes in the economy and natality; he demonstrates that changes in the economy are effective only in this context if they overcome a threshold of sensitivity or if they accumulate in a specific manner. (author's modified)

• Klíčová slova
• Birth Rate *, Comparative Studies, Consumption *, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors *, Developed Countries, Development Planning *, Eastern Europe, Economic Development *, Economic Factors, Europe, Fertility *, Fertility Measurements, Historical Survey *, Income *, Macroeconomic Factors, Natural Increase *, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Growth *, Social Welfare *, Socioeconomic Factors *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• porodnost * MeSH
• příjem * MeSH
• sociální péče * MeSH
• sociální plánování * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demography, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Economics *, Europe, Historical Demography *, Historical Survey *, Population Theory *, Social Sciences,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH