Diminished postprandial secretion of incretins and insulin represents one of the key pathophysiological mechanisms behind type 2 diabetes (T2D). We tested the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: A standard meat (M-meal) and a vegan (V-meal) on postprandial incretin and insulin secretion in participants with T2D. A randomized crossover design was used in 20 participants with T2D. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), amylin, and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. Beta-cell function was assessed with a mathematical model, using C-peptide deconvolution. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Postprandial plasma glucose responses were similar after both test meals (p = 0.64). An increase in the stimulated secretion of insulin (by 30.5%; 95% CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001), C-peptide (by 7.1%; 95% CI 4.1 to 9.9%; p < 0.001), and amylin (by 15.7%; 95% CI 11.8 to 19.7%; p < 0.001) was observed following consumption of the V-meal. An increase in stimulated secretion of GLP-1 (by 19.2%; 95% CI 12.4 to 26.7%; p < 0.001) and a decrease in GIP (by -9.4%; 95% CI -17.3 to -0.7%; p = 0.02) were observed after the V-meal. Several parameters of beta-cell function increased after the V-meal, particularly insulin secretion at a fixed glucose value 5 mmol/L, rate sensitivity, and the potentiation factor. Our results showed an increase in postprandial incretin and insulin secretion, after consumption of a V-meal, suggesting a therapeutic potential of plant-based meals for improving beta-cell function in T2D.

• Klíčová slova
• beta-cell function, incretins, insulin resistance, nutrition, plant-based, type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu dietoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta veganská MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický příjem MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• jídla * MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maso MeSH
• zelenina MeSH
• živiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inkretiny MeSH
• inzulin MeSH

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive deterioration of B-cell insulin secretion. B-cell protective strategies for lowering glucolipotoxicity by rapid achievement of normoglycemia using exogenous insulin improve their function and prolong diabetes remission. Insulin pump is an effective treatment method in newly diagnosed diabetes, where even short-term pump therapy is B-cell protective. Combination therapy with insulin pump and antidiabetics targeting the incretin system acts in synergy to protect the B-cell. While the positive effect of insulin pump is apparent even a year after stopping the therapy, the effect of incretins lasts only while on the medication. Short-term insulin treatment, especially delivered by insulin pump, is an effective method of B-cell protection in recent type 2 diabetes.Key words: B-cell function - diabetes mellitus - insulin pump - insulin resistance - type 2 diabetes.

• MeSH
• beta-buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• hypoglykemika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• inzulinové infuzní systémy MeSH
• krevní glukóza účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• inkretiny MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH

Incretine-based therapies are frequently used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Some of these drugs are used to induce weight loss. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was recently approved for the treatment of obesity. Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain. The mechanism responsible for the increase in body weight post cessation remains unclear. While increased caloric intake may play a role, weight gain may also be linked to nicotine, which has been shown to stimulate smokers basal metabolic rate. The effect of incretines on body weight and energy metabolism after smoking cessation is unclear. Recently published data suggests that incretine hormones may not be involved in the above mentioned changes.

• Klíčová slova
• body weight, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, leptin., smoking cessation,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus * MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek účinky léků   MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inkretiny MeSH

Bone is a target tissue for hormones, such as the sex steroids, parathormon, vitamin D, calcitonin, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones. In the last decade, other "non-classic" hormones that modulate the bone tissue have been identified. While incretins (GIP and GLP-1) inhibit bone remodeling, angiotensin acts to promote remodeling. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) has also been found to have anabolic effects on the skeleton by activating bone formation during embryonic development, as well as in the postnatal period of life. Bone has also been identified as an endocrine tissue that produces a number of hormones, that bind to and modulate extra-skeletal receptors. Osteocalcin occupies a central position in this context. It can increase insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and regulate metabolism of fatty acids. Moreover, osteocalcin also influences phosphate metabolism via osteocyte-derived FGF23 (which targets the kidneys and parathyroid glands to control phosphate reabsorption and metabolism of vitamin D). Finally, osteocalcin stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells and thus may play some role in male fertility. Further studies are necessary to confirm clinically important roles for skeletal tissue in systemic regulations.

• MeSH
• angiotensiny metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• endokrinní systém metabolismus   MeSH
• fibroblastový růstový faktor 23 MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• kostní morfogenetické proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteokalcin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• angiotensiny MeSH
• FGF23 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• fibroblastový růstový faktor 23 MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• inkretiny MeSH
• kostní morfogenetické proteiny MeSH
• osteokalcin MeSH

Effects of glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP1) on liver cells are very intensively studied. In the metabolism of saccharides GLP1 stimulates synthesis of glycogen and reduces glucose production - thus acting like insulin. In the lipid metabolism it enhances fatty acid oxidation and lipid transport from hepatocytes while reducing de novo lipogenesis - effects more similar to glucagon action. Some studies suggest beneficial effects of GLP1 on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, production of inflammatory mediators and dysfunction of biliary secretion. Current results suggest that drugs affecting incretin system could be used in the treatment of certain liver diseases (e.g. NAFLD and NASH) in the future. In the following article we mention the known effects of GLP 1 on liver functions and liver metabolism and we point out its possible future therapeutic use in the treatment of liver diseases.

• MeSH
• glukagon metabolismus   MeSH
• glukagonu podobný peptid 1 metabolismus   MeSH
• hepatocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoglykemika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů fyziologie   MeSH
• nealkoholová steatóza jater farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci jater farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukagon MeSH
• glukagonu podobný peptid 1 MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• inkretiny MeSH
• inzulin MeSH