PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the current knowledge about smoking carcinogenesis in bladder cancer (BCa), individual susceptibility and impact of smoking on incidence and outcomes of nonmuscle invasive BCa (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive BCa (MIBC). To assess the impact of smoking cessation on oncological outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Smoking pattern, intensity, and duration are responsible for an increased risk of developing BCa and for worse tumor features at presentation. Tobacco consumption is associated with a higher risk of recurrence in NMIBC and with an impaired intravesical therapy efficacy. To date, the impact of smoking on oncological outcomes after radical surgery remains unclear. SUMMARY: Smoking cessation decreases the risk of BCa and may also allow benefits on treatment outcomes. Nonetheless, the magnitude of the effect remains unclear and prospective series with the specific aim of weighing smoking cessation on outcomes are needed. Because even a 5-min counseling in the urology setting may be sufficient to significantly enhance smoking cessation rates, adequate knowledge of links between tobacco and BCa, from its molecular pathophysiology and its harms to benefits of cessation is paramount for urologists and for everyday clinical practice.

• MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• karcinogeneze chemicky indukované   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• tabákové výrobky toxicita   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We report a case of a 56-year-old male with a primary large cell neuroendocrine renal carcinoma. Grossly, the left kidney was enlarged by a solid tumor that measured 145 x 125 x 100 mm. Histologically, the tumor consisted of large cells with a moderate to abundant amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregular, some of them with finely or coarsely granular chromatin, others with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. The tumor cells showed multiple mitotic figures (up to 32 mitoses/10 HPF). In some areas, the tumor cells were arranged in solid sheets; however, the predominant pattern was solid-alveolar, trabecular and cribriform. Large areas of tumor necrosis were found. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, CD56 and CD57. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin and CD10 were positive only focally. Chromogranin showed weak cytoplasmic positivity in rare tumor cells. Cytokeratin CAM5.2, cytokeratin 34betaE12, BerEP 4, EMA, TTF-1, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, calretinin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, calcitonin, glukagon and insulin were negative. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney is a rare tumor. To the best of our knowledge, only 3 cases of a tumor of this type have been reported to date.

• MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory ledvin metabolismus   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• neuroendokrinní karcinom metabolismus   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• velkobuněčný karcinom metabolismus   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) during transurethral resection (TUR) on the recurrence rate and the length of tumour-free interval in stage Ta/T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 122 patients with primary or recurrent stage Ta/T1 bladder TCC treated with TUR were enrolled in a prospective randomized study. In group A the TUR was performed with standard white-light endoscopy, and in group B with FC. The patients were followed using standard cystoscopy and urinary cytology. The recurrence-free interval was evaluated in whole groups, for single and multiple, and for primary and recurrent tumours separately. RESULTS: At the time of the first cystoscopy (10-15 weeks after TUR) tumour recurrence was detected in 23 of 62 patients (37%) in group A, but only in five of 60 patients (8%) in group B. The recurrence-free survival rates in group A were 39% and 28% after 12 and 24 months, compared to 66% and 40% respectively in group B (P = 0.008, log-rank test). In separate analyses, the recurrence-free survival rates were significantly higher using FC in multiple (P = 0.001) and in recurrent (P = 0.02) tumours. In solitary and primary tumours the median time to recurrence was also longer in group B, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced FC during TUR reduces the recurrence rate in stage Ta/T1 bladder TCC. The most significant benefit is in patients with multiple and recurrent tumours.

• MeSH
• cystoskopie metody   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• fotosenzibilizující látky * MeSH
• karcinom z přechodných buněk diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• kyselina aminolevulová * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• přežití bez známek nemoci MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fotosenzibilizující látky * MeSH
• kyselina aminolevulová * MeSH

Asymmetrical localization of biomolecules inside the egg, results in uneven cell division and establishment of many biological processes, cell types and the body plan. However, our knowledge about evolutionary conservation of localized transcripts is still limited to a few models. Our goal was to compare localization profiles along the animal-vegetal axis of mature eggs from four vertebrate models, two amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma mexicanum) and two fishes (Acipenser ruthenus, Danio rerio) using the spatial expression method called TOMO-Seq. We revealed that RNAs of many known important transcripts such as germ layer determinants, germ plasm factors and members of key signalling pathways, are localized in completely different profiles among the models. It was also observed that there was a poor correlation between the vegetally localized transcripts but a relatively good correlation between the animally localized transcripts. These findings indicate that the regulation of embryonic development within the animal kingdom is highly diverse and cannot be deduced based on a single model.

• Klíčová slova
• Amphibians, Egg, Fishes, RNA localization, TOMO-Seq, evo devo,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dánio pruhované MeSH
• oocyty * metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Xenopus laevis genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA * MeSH

AIM: To assess the prognostic importance of serum levels of retinol, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and vitamin E at the time of diagnosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, in a cohort of 102 renal cell carcinoma patients, relationships between serum levels of the aforementioned markers and recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), as well as cancer-specific survival (CSS), were evaluated. The vitamin A and vitamin E levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the RBP4 level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 39 months. Renal cell carcinoma recurred in 9 patients; 23 patients died with 12 of them from RCC. The preoperative vitamin E level was associated to RFS (p=0.02). We found a significant relationship between OS and the level of RBP4 (p=0.002), retinol (p=0.037) and vitamin E (p=0.007). The CSS period was significantly associated with the level of RBP4 (p=0.0001) and retinol (p=0.0003). Patients with an RBP4 level less than 21.0 mg/l at the time of diagnosis had a 13.5-times higher risk of death due to RCC progression; this risk was up to 7.7-times higher with vitamin A levels under 0.52 mg/l. CONCLUSION: Low levels of vitamin A, E and RBP4 at the time of RCC diagnosis are associated with a poorer prognosis after surgery.

• Klíčová slova
• Renal cell carcinoma, disease-specific survival, overall survival, prognosis, recurrence-free survival, retinol-binding protein, vitamin A, vitamin E,
• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk krev   diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádory ledvin krev   diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• nefrektomie MeSH
• plazmatické proteiny vázající retinol analýza   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• předoperační období MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vitamin A krev   MeSH
• vitamin E krev   MeSH
• vitaminy krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plazmatické proteiny vázající retinol MeSH
• RBP4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• vitamin A MeSH
• vitamin E MeSH
• vitaminy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine a predictive model for the primary diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) based on a multiple serum biomarker assay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between August 2011 and February 2013, a total of 387 prostate biopsies were performed. Serum or plasma concentrations of 22 biomarkers (neopterin, IGF-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, sarcosine, endoglin, TGF-β1, periostin, sPLA2-IIa, chromogranin A, ZAG2, clusterin, PSP94, PSP94bp, leptin, cathepsin D, hepsin, KLK11, PSMA, AMACR, CRISP3 and A1AT) were determined. Biomarker levels were correlated with the prostate biopsy results. Several statistical models for PC detection were created. RESULTS: A total of 167 of the 373 evaluated patients (44.8%) were diagnosed with PC. None of the tested biomarkers reached statistical significance using the univariate analysis. However, the level of serum clusterin was not associated with any other tested parameter. Several basic models showed a higher positive predictive value than individual parameters. Addition of serum clusterin to the base model with prostate-specific antigen, digital rectal exam and prostate size significantly improved the area under curve value (0.723 vs. 0.716). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that multiple serum assays based on some promising markers may only have a limited practical benefit for the prediction of PC in the prostate biopsy.

• MeSH
• biopsie MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   MeSH
• nádory prostaty krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• prostatický specifický antigen krev   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• prostatický specifický antigen MeSH

• Polarized deposition of cell wall pectins is a key process in Arabidopsis thaliana myxospermous seed coat development. The exocyst, an octameric secretory vesicle tethering complex, has recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell polarity in plants. Here, we used the Arabidopsis seed coat to study the participation of the exocyst complex in polarized pectin delivery. • We characterized the amount of pectinaceous mucilage and seed coat structure in sec8 and exo70A1 exocyst mutants. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a new interactor of the exocyst subunit Exo70A1, termed Roh1, a member of the DUF793 protein family. • T-DNA insertions in SEC8, EXO70A1 caused considerable deviations from normal seed coat development, in particular reduced pectin deposition and defects in the formation of the central columella of seed epidermal cells. A gain-of-function mutation of ROH1 also caused reduced pectin deposition. Interestingly, we observed a systematic difference in seed coat development between primary and secondary inflorescences in wild-type plants: siliques from secondary branches produced seeds with thicker seed coats. • The participation of exocyst subunits in mucilage deposition provides direct evidence for the role of the exocyst in polarized cell wall morphogenesis.

• MeSH
• adheziva metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• inzerční mutageneze MeSH
• květy anatomie a histologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• pektiny metabolismus   MeSH
• podjednotky proteinů metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné geny genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
• semena rostlinná anatomie a histologie   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vezikulární transportní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adheziva MeSH
• BYPASS1 protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• EXO70A1 protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
• pektiny MeSH
• podjednotky proteinů MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• SEC8 protein, Arabidopsis MeSH Prohlížeč
• T-DNA MeSH Prohlížeč
• vezikulární transportní proteiny MeSH

We report a case of a 56-year-old male with an anaplastic variant of spermatocytic seminoma of the left testis. Grossly, the tumor measured 10 x 7.5 x 6.5 cm and consisted of soft grayish-white tissue, which varied from fleshy to gelatinous with formation of some pseudocysts. Histologically, the tumor was composed of the areas of typical spermatocytic seminoma; however, in some areas, the intermediate and large tumor cells showed prominent nucleoli. In another part of the tumor, we noted anaplastic areas composed of sheets of tumor cells with large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Tunical and vascular invasion as well as growth into the epididymis were noted. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed only weak positivity for CD117, the other markers examined were negative.

• MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• karboplatina terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• orchiektomie MeSH
• protinádorové látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-kit metabolismus   MeSH
• seminom metabolismus   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• testikulární nádory metabolismus   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• karboplatina MeSH
• protinádorové látky MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-kit MeSH

We report a case of a 60-year-old female with a pigmented microcystic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (PMCRCC). The tumor was 4.5 cm in diameter, and was located in the right kidney. Grossly, on cross section, the tumor was light gray with multiple small brown to black pigmented foci up to 0.2 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor showed a microcystic arrangement with cribriform areas and formation of adenomatous structures. The microcystic and cribriform areas were composed of larger pale cells and smaller eosinophilic cells, with cytological features of conventional chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC). The cytological features of the cells within the adenomatous structures were different. These cells were mostly columnar with nuclei at the base, and had a variable amount of pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm. There were foci of ample brown pigmentation located in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells and extracellularly. In addition, microscopic calcifications were present. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for EMA, E-cadherin, cytokeratin CAM5.2, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Cytokeratin 7 was positive only focally. S-100 protein, melan A, HMB 45, vimentin, and CD117 were negative. PMCRCC is a rare tumor. To the best of our knowledge, only one series containing 20 cases of this variant of CRCC has been described to date. The important feature is that PMCRCC seems to have a relatively benign biological behavior, and distant metastases and sarcomatoid transformation are absent.

• MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• kalcinóza patologie   MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory ledvin metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• pigmentace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic performance of urinary and plasma levels of placental growth factor (PLGF) and provide their comparison with the results of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in patients with primary and recurrent urinary bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess urinary and plasma concentrations of PLGF and VEGF-A in 240 individuals. RESULTS: PLGF levels in urine and plasma were significantly higher in patients with primary bladder cancer than in healthy individuals (p=0.003, p=0.005, respectively). Area under the curve (AUC) of urinary PLGF was 0.68; AUC of plasma PLGF levels was 0.65. Patients with the urine levels of PLGF higher than 82.33 pg/ml had three times higher risk of recurrence. In patients with recurrent bladder cancer, the urinary concentrations of PLGF did not significantly differ from the concentrations in patients without current disease (p=0.61). However, plasma PLGF levels were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with tumor recurrence (p=0.001); AUC of plasma PLGF levels was 0.69. Moreover, patients with plasma levels higher than 10.09 pg/ml had a five-times higher risk of future tumor recurrence. The diagnostic accuracy of PLGF was comparable with VEGF-A. CONCLUSION: From a clinical point of view, PLGF could be considered a valid diagnostic test for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder cancer. In patients with recurrent bladder cancer, plasma PLGF levels can differentiate individuals at risk of tumor recurrence.

• Klíčová slova
• Bladder cancer, ELISA, PLGF, VEGF-A, biomarker, non-invasive detection, placental growth factor, prognosis, vascular endothelial growth factor A,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru krev   diagnóza   moč   MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře * krev   diagnóza   moč   MeSH
• placentární růstový faktor * krev   moč   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A * krev   moč   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• placentární růstový faktor * MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A * MeSH
• VEGFA protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč