Cardiac tumours represent a wide spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic masses. Plenty of them, especially primary cardiac neoplasias, are rare diseases. Last revision of WHO classification introduced several changes in their histopathological assessment. Furthermore, an increasing amount of knowledge in molecular characteristics of the tumours bolstered discussion about the classification of primary cardiac sarcomas and primary intimal sarcoma of the heart became a hot topic of last years. This work aims at individual neoplastic and non-neoplastic cardiac tumours with focus at their characteristic histopathological features and main differential diagnoses.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiac tumours, differential diagnosis, primary intimal sarcoma of the heart,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory měkkých tkání * diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory srdce * diagnóza   MeSH
• sarkom * diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions of a large bowel mucosa are commonly encountered in bioptic practice. Their interpretation yields many challenges especially due to their limited and often non-specific and overlapping morphological spectrum. However, an accurate assessment of colonic biopsy still represents an important part of multidisciplinary diagnostic process and identification and subsequent interpretation of proper morphological pattern should be in a competence of any routine pathologist. This article provides systematic approach to histopathological assessment of inflammatory diseases of colonic mucosa, focusing mainly on diagnoses other than inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Klíčová slova
• Biopsy, Colitis, differential diagnosis, histopathology, inflammation, probiotics,
• MeSH
• biopsie MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• kolitida * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• střevní sliznice patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a rare placental lesion characterized by placentomegaly, vascular abnormalities and formation of cystic structures in the placental parenchyma. It can be associated with various genetic abnormalities, fetal growth restriction or intrauterine fetal demise. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia needs to be distinguished from its main differential diagnosis, partial hydatidiform mole. The aim of this article is to provide readers with a basic overview of the morphology and differential diagnosis of this pathological entity.

• Klíčová slova
• PMD, Placenta, cystic lesions, differential diagnosis, placenta, placental mesenchymal dysplasia,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mola hydatidosa * diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory dělohy * diagnóza   MeSH
• nemoci placenty * diagnóza   MeSH
• placenta diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• růstová retardace plodu diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• TUBERCULOSIS/diagnosis *,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tuberkulóza diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Ear pain, otalgia, can have many etiologies. Some of these conditions, e.g. impacted ear wax, can be solved easily directly in the outpatient office. On the other hand, inflammations and its complications can also endanger patients life. Situation is complicated due to secondary otalgia, when the source of pain is localized in another body region, e.g. oropharynx. Stubbing pain in the ear should be in this case perceived as a warning sign, because it could be caused by spread of primary disease to the parapharynx. Aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the most often causes of ear pain correlated with their typical clinical features, It should help to recognize serious conditions, which can endanger patient´s life.

• Klíčová slova
• oropharyngeal cancer, otalgia, otitis externa, otitis media,
• MeSH
• bolest ucha * MeSH
• bolest * MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• HYDROCEPHALUS/diagnosis *,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
• hydrocefalus diagnóza   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• PSYCHOSES, MANIC-DEPRESSIVE/diagnosis *,
• MeSH
• bipolární porucha diagnóza   MeSH
• deprese * MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychotické poruchy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx is broad and includes lesions of epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuroectodermal origin. These lesions have overlapping clinical and pathologic aspects and must be carefully considered in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal neoplasms. The prognosis and treatment are also different among these tumor types, which necessitates making these distinctions clinically. The current literature was reviewed to provide updated information regarding the epithelial-derived tumors, including carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine component. These tumors are compared and contrasted with non-epithelial-derived tumors such as paraganglioma and nonmucosal tumors, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma. The morphologic and cytologic features are discussed, along with helpful immunohistochemical and ancillary investigations.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• karcinoid diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• larynx diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hrtanu diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• neuroendokrinní karcinom diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• neuroendokrinní nádory diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a key tool in the differential diagnosis of optic neuropathies (ON), particularly in differentiating between glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous ON. Correct diagnosis is an essential factor for effective treatment management and prevention of progressive loss of vision. While glaucomatous ON is characterized by specific structural changes in the optic nerve head and retinal layers, non-glaucomatous neuropathies can be caused by a wide range of other causes, including inflammatory, ischemic or compressive processes. OCT allows visualization of the fine anatomical details of the optic nerve head and retina, providing valuable information for differential diagnosis. The importance lies in the physician's ability to correctly interpret these images and integrate them into the patient's overall clinical picture. This review focuses on the key features of glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous ON that can be detected early with OCT and highlights the importance of using this technique in everyday clinical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• Ganglion cells, OCT, Optic neuropathy, glaucoma, surgical treatment,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• glaukom diagnostické zobrazování   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci zrakového nervu * diagnostické zobrazování   diagnóza   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• BRAIN ABSCESS/diagnosis *, BRAIN NEOPLASMS/diagnosis *,
• MeSH
• absces mozku diagnóza   MeSH
• absces * MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * MeSH
• nádory mozku diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH