A digestibility enhancing effect of natural food on stomachless fish model (Cyprinus carpio) was verified by fluorogenic substrate assays of enzymatic activities in experimental pond carp gut flush and planktonic food over a full vegetative season. Then compared with size-matched conspecific grown artificially (tank carp) and an advanced omnivore species possessing true stomach (tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus). Results suggested activities of digestive enzymes (except amylolytic) were significantly higher in pond carp (p ≤ 0.05) than in the size-matched tank carp. Even compared to tilapia, pond carp appeared superior (p < 0.05; proteolytic or chitinolytic activities) or comparable (p > 0.05; phosphatase or cellulolytic activities). Amylolytic, chitinolytic, and phosphatases activities in pond carp gut significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) over season. Several orders-of-magnitude higher enzymatic activities were detected in planktonic natural food than expressed in carp gut. Amino acid markers in planktonic food revealed a higher share of zooplankton (microcrustaceans), but not phytoplankton, synchronized with higher activities of complex polysaccharide-splitting enzymes (cellulolytic and chitinolytic) in fish gut. Periods of clear water phase low in chlorophyll-a and nutrients, but high in certain zooplankton (preferably cladocerans), may create a synergistic digestibility effect in pond carp. We conclude aquatic ecosystem components (natural food, water, microbiota) enhance fishes' hydrolyzing capabilities of C/N/P macromolecules and even their complex polymers such as cellulose, chitin, and maybe phytate (to be validated), to the extent that being stomachless is not an issue. Aquatic nutritional ecologists may consider that laboratory-based understandings of digestibility may underestimate digestion efficiency of free-ranging fish in ponds or lakes.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioremediation, Complex polymers, Digestibility enhancement, Enzymes, Nutrients,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fytoplankton fyziologie   MeSH
• kapři * fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• plankton fyziologie   MeSH
• trávení fyziologie   MeSH
• zooplankton fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The study is focused on the comparison of autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion, thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion, based on long-term monitoring of all processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants, with an emphasis on the efficiency in destroying pathogens. The hygienisation effect was evaluated as a removal of counts of indicator bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci as CFU/g total sludge solids and a frequency of a positive Salmonella spp. detection. Both thermophilic technologies of municipal wastewater sludge stabilisation had the capability of producing sludge A biosolids suitable for agricultural land application when all operational parameters (mainly temperature, mixing and retention time) were stable and maintained at an appropriate level.

• MeSH
• anaerobní bakterie fyziologie   MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• čištění vody metody   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• odpad tekutý - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• projektování a výstavba zařízení MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• odpadní vody MeSH

Anaerobic digestion (AD) serves as a promising alternative for waste treatment and a potential solution to improve the energy supply security. The feasibility of AD has been proven in some of the technologically and agriculturally advanced countries. However, development is still needed for worldwide implementation, especially for AD process dealing with municipal solid waste (MSW). This paper reviews various approaches and stages in the AD of MSW, which used to optimise the biogas production and quality. The assessed stages include pre-treatment, digestion process, post-treatment as well as the waste collection and transportation. The latest approaches and integrated system to improve the AD process are also presented. The stages were assessed in a relatively quantitative manner. The range of energy requirement, carbon emission footprint and the percentage of enhancement are summarised. Thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment is identified to be less suitable for MSW (-5% to +15.4% enhancement), unless conducted in the two-phase AD system. Microwave pre-treatment shows consistent performance in elevating the biogas production of MSW, but the energy consumption (114.24-8,040 kWeh t-1) and carbon emission footprint (59.93-4,217.78 kg CO2 t-1 waste) are relatively high. Chemical (∼0.43 kWeh m-3) and membrane-based (∼0.45 kWeh m-3) post-treatments are suggested to be a lower energy consumption approach for upgrading the biogas. The feasibility in terms of cost (scale up) and other environmental impacts (non-CO2 footprint) needs to be further assessed. This study provides an overview to facilitate further development and extended implementation of AD.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaerobic digestion, Carbon emissions footprint, Energy efficiency, Municipal solid waste, Post-treatment, Pre-treatment,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
• tuhý odpad * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• uhlíková stopa * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tuhý odpad * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is widely used in the field of proteomic analysis after off-line protein digestion. On-line digestion with chromatographic column connected in a series with immobilized enzymatic reactor is not often used approach. In this work we investigated the impact of chromatographic conditions on the protein digestion efficiency. The investigation of trypsin reactor activity was performed by on-line digestion of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA), followed by separation of the digests on the mixed-mode column. Two trypsin column reactors with the different trypsin coverage on the bridged ethylene hybrid particles were evaluated. To ensure optimal trypsin activity, the separation temperature was set at 37.0 °C and the pH of the mobile phase buffer was maintained at 8.5. The on-line digestion itself ongoing during the initial state of gradient was carried out at a low flow rate using a mobile phase that was free of organic modifiers. Proteins such as cytochrome C, enolase, and myoglobin were successfully digested on-line without prior reduction or alkylation, and the resulting peptides were separated using a mixed-mode column. Additionally, proteins that contain multiple cysteines, such as α-lactalbumin, albumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and conalbumin, were also successfully digested on-line (after reduction and alkylation). Moreover, trypsin immobilized enzymatic reactors were utilized for over 300 injections without any noticeable loss of digestion activity.

• Klíčová slova
• Immobilized enzymatic reactor, Mass spectrometry, Mixed-mode column, On-line protein digestion, Trypsin digestion,
• MeSH
• alkylace MeSH
• enzymy imobilizované MeSH
• laktalbumin * MeSH
• proteolýza MeSH
• proteomika * MeSH
• trypsin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• enzymy imobilizované MeSH
• laktalbumin * MeSH
• trypsin MeSH

Proteomics of human tissues and isolated cellular subpopulations create new opportunities for therapy and monitoring of a patients' treatment in the clinic. Important considerations in such analysis include recovery of adequate amounts of protein for analysis and reproducibility in sample collection. In this study we compared several protocols for proteomic sample preparation: i) filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), ii) in-solution digestion (ISD) and iii) a pressure-assisted digestion (PCT) method. PCT method is known for already a decade [1], however it is not widely used in proteomic research. We assessed protocols for proteome profiling of isolated immune cell subsets and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Our results show that the ISD method has very good efficiency of protein and peptide identification from the whole proteome, while the FASP method is particularly effective in identification of membrane proteins. Pressure-assisted digestion methods generally provide lower numbers of protein/peptide identifications, but have gained in popularity due to their shorter digestion time making them considerably faster than for ISD or FASP. Furthermore, PCT does not result in substantial sample loss when applied to samples of 50 000 cells. Analysis of FFPE tissues shows comparable results. ISD method similarly yields the highest number of identifications. Furthermore, proteins isolated from FFPE samples show a significant reduction of cleavages at lysine sites due to chemical modifications with formaldehyde-such as methylation (+14 Da) being among the most common. The data we present will be helpful for making decisions about the robust preparation of clinical samples for biomarker discovery and studies on pathomechanisms of various diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Cellular subpopulations, FASP, FFPE tissue Proteomics, In-solution digestion, Pressure-cycling digestion, Proteomics,
• MeSH
• formaldehyd MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteom * MeSH
• proteomika * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• trávení MeSH
• zalévání tkání do parafínu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• formaldehyd MeSH
• proteom * MeSH

During advanced biological wastewater treatment, a huge amount of sludge is produced as a by-product of the treatment process. Hence, reuse and recovery of resources and energy from the sludge is a big technological challenge. The processing of sludge produced by Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is massive, which takes up a big part of the overall operational costs. In this regard, anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge continues to be an attractive option to produce biogas that could contribute to the wastewater management cost reduction and foster the sustainability of those WWTPs. At the same time, AD reduces sludge amounts and that again contributes to the reduction of the sludge disposal costs. However, sludge volume minimization remains, a challenge thus improvement of dewatering efficiency is an inevitable part of WWTP operation. As a result, AD parameters could have significant impact on sludge properties. One of the most important operational parameters influencing the AD process is temperature. Consequently, the thermophilic and the mesophilic modes of sludge AD are compared for their pros and cons by many researchers. However, most comparisons are more focused on biogas yield, process speed and stability. Regarding the biogas yield, thermophilic sludge AD is preferred over the mesophilic one because of its faster biochemical reaction rate. Equally important but not studied sufficiently until now was the influence of temperature on the digestate quality, which is expressed mainly by the sludge dewateringability, and the reject water quality (chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and pH). In the field of comparison of thermophilic and mesophilic digestion process, few and often inconclusive research, unfortunately, has been published so far. Hence, recommendations for optimized technologies have not yet been done. The review presented provides a comparison of existing sludge AD technologies and the gaps that need to be filled so as to optimize the connection between the two systems. In addition, many other relevant AD process parameters, including sludge rheology, which need to be addressed, are also reviewed and presented.

• Klíčová slova
• dewaterability, mesophilic anaerobic digestion, reject water, rheology, sludge, thermophilic anaerobic digestion,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Food waste collected exclusively from University restaurant was tested under anaerobic digestion (AD) conditions to determine its biomethane generation potential. The digestion characteristics of food waste were evaluated in BMP tests and in a conventional single-stage mesophilic CST Reactor. The suitability of psychrophilic two-stage AD to convert food waste was investigated by using a novel two-stage psychrophilic semi-continuous reactor, consisted of a vertically-oriented cylindrical reactor and a coaxially incorporated vertical tube able to spatially separate acidification from methanogenesis. Food waste presented significant methane generation performance under mesophilic conditions. Relatively high amounts of H2S released during process evolution did not have a significant effect on biogas production. For psychrophilic two-stage AD, H2S generated during start-up provoked reactor's instability only for a few days. The system was stable and operated at steady-state conditions over the course of the main AD. Higher amount of biogas was produced by the two-stage psychrophilic reactor (0.800 m3 kgVS-1) than the mesophilic single-stage system (0.751 m3 kgVS-1). However, the average methane quantities generated by the two systems were remarkably similar (0.444 and 0.440 m3 kgVS-1). Psychrophilic process was more efficient in utilizing higher proportions of volatile organics contained in substrate for methane generation than mesophilic operation. The low-temperature two-stage reactor was more energy-efficient than the mesophilic CSTR for digestion of food waste. Two-stage anaerobic digestion system operating under psychrophilic conditions might be an economically feasible option for efficiently digesting food waste.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaerobic digestion, BMP, Food waste, Mesophilic digestion, Psychrophilic digestion, Two-stage reactor,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• bioreaktory * MeSH
• methan MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biopaliva MeSH
• methan MeSH

Temperature plays crucial roles in microbial interactions that affect the stability and performance of anaerobic digestion. In this study, the microbial interactions and their succession in the anaerobic digestion process were investigated at three levels, represented by (1) present and (2) active micro-organisms, and (3) gene expressions under a temperature gradient from 25 to 55 °C. Network topological features indicated a global variation in microbial interactions at different temperatures. The variations of microbial interactions in terms of network modularity and deterministic processes based on topological features, corresponded well with the variations of methane productions, but not with temperatures. A common successional pattern of microbial interactions was observed at different temperatures, which showed that both deterministic processes and network modularity increased over time during the digestion process. It was concluded that the increase in temperature-mediated network modularity and deterministic processes on shaping the microbial interactions improved the stability and efficiency of anaerobic digestion process.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaerobic digestion, Deterministic process, Microbial interactions, Modularity, Temperature gradient,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• bioreaktory * MeSH
• methan MeSH
• mikrobiální interakce * MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methan MeSH

The major objective of proteomics is to identify and examine the large numbers of proteins extracted from complex biological systems. This is generally achieved by combining various techniques of protein separation with a mass spectrometric analysis of proteins that are digested enzymatically. Recently, several alternatives to this standard protocol have been developed for efficient and fast protein digestion. One option is the use of modified trypsin instead of native trypsin for the in-gel digestion of proteins. Microwave, ultrasonic-assisted protein enzymatic digestion and proteolysis accelerated by infrared radiation are other suitable alternatives. The application of the variable performance of the fast enzymatic digestion of proteins by using different techniques is reported here. The advantage of these methods is to have the ability to detect proteins in a shorter span of time. For example, using alternative protein digestion takes only minutes, in contrast to the several hours required by conventional methods. To demonstrate the suitability of this fast procedure, the digestion of carbonic anhydrase, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme and proteins extracted from plants (Hordeum vulgare, Arabidopsis thaliana) were used. Considering that the required reaction time for the conventional method is much longer, these applied methodic approaches tend to give in-gel digestion a much higher efficiency rating. This study examines the fast, efficient and low-cost proteolytic strategies for the digestion process, and for protein identification based on the use of ultrasound and infrared technology. In addition, comparisons of the applied techniques were studied. Several differences were found, suggesting the potential use of proteolysis accelerated by infrared radiation.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu metody   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty analýza   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny analýza   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika metody   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• trypsin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peptidové fragmenty MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• trypsin MeSH

The increasing global population and urbanization have led to significant challenges in waste management, particularly concerning vacuum blackwater (VBW), which is the wastewater generated from vacuum toilets. Traditional treatment methods, such as landfilling and composting, often fall short in terms of efficiency and sustainability. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has emerged as a promising alternative, offering benefits such as biogas production and digestate generation. However, the performance of AD can be influenced by various factors, including the composition of the feedstock, pH levels, and the presence of inhibitors. This review investigates the effects of calcium oxide (CaO)-modified biochar (BC) as an additive in AD of VBW. Modifying BC with CaO enhances its alkalinity, nutrient retention, and adsorption capacity, creating a more favorable environment for microorganisms and promoting biogas production, which serves as a valuable source of heat, fuel and electricity. Additionally, the digestate can be processed through plasma pyrolysis to ensure the complete destruction of pathogens while promoting resource utilization. Plasma pyrolysis operates at extremely high temperatures, effectively sterilizing the digestate and eliminating both pathogens and harmful contaminants. This process not only guarantees the safety of the end products, but also transforms organic materials into valuable outputs such as syngas and slag. The syngas produced is a versatile energy carrier that can be utilized as a source of hydrogen, electricity, and heat, making it a valuable resource for various applications, including fuel cells and power generation. Furthermore, the slag has potential for reuse as an additive in the AD process or as a biofertilizer to enhance soil properties. This study aims to provide insights into the benefits of using modified BC as a co-substrate in AD systems. The findings will contribute to the development of more sustainable and efficient waste management strategies, addressing the challenges associated with VBW treatment while promoting renewable energy production.

• Klíčová slova
• anaerobic digestion, bioenergy recovery, calcium oxide-modified biochar, integrated methods, vacuum blackwater,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * chemie   MeSH
• odpadní voda * chemie   MeSH
• oxidy * chemie   MeSH
• sloučeniny vápníku * chemie   MeSH
• vakuum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• biopaliva MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * MeSH
• lime MeSH Prohlížeč
• odpadní voda * MeSH
• oxidy * MeSH
• sloučeniny vápníku * MeSH