A digestibility enhancing effect of natural food on stomachless fish model (Cyprinus carpio) was verified by fluorogenic substrate assays of enzymatic activities in experimental pond carp gut flush and planktonic food over a full vegetative season. Then compared with size-matched conspecific grown artificially (tank carp) and an advanced omnivore species possessing true stomach (tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus). Results suggested activities of digestive enzymes (except amylolytic) were significantly higher in pond carp (p ≤ 0.05) than in the size-matched tank carp. Even compared to tilapia, pond carp appeared superior (p < 0.05; proteolytic or chitinolytic activities) or comparable (p > 0.05; phosphatase or cellulolytic activities). Amylolytic, chitinolytic, and phosphatases activities in pond carp gut significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) over season. Several orders-of-magnitude higher enzymatic activities were detected in planktonic natural food than expressed in carp gut. Amino acid markers in planktonic food revealed a higher share of zooplankton (microcrustaceans), but not phytoplankton, synchronized with higher activities of complex polysaccharide-splitting enzymes (cellulolytic and chitinolytic) in fish gut. Periods of clear water phase low in chlorophyll-a and nutrients, but high in certain zooplankton (preferably cladocerans), may create a synergistic digestibility effect in pond carp. We conclude aquatic ecosystem components (natural food, water, microbiota) enhance fishes' hydrolyzing capabilities of C/N/P macromolecules and even their complex polymers such as cellulose, chitin, and maybe phytate (to be validated), to the extent that being stomachless is not an issue. Aquatic nutritional ecologists may consider that laboratory-based understandings of digestibility may underestimate digestion efficiency of free-ranging fish in ponds or lakes.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioremediation, Complex polymers, Digestibility enhancement, Enzymes, Nutrients,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fytoplankton fyziologie   MeSH
• kapři * fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• plankton fyziologie   MeSH
• trávení fyziologie   MeSH
• zooplankton fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Exogenous enzymes are used to enhance ingredient digestibility, overall fish growth, and feed utilization; however, different administration methods have not been extensively studied. In this study, a mixture of carbohydrases (α-amylase, cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucanase) was applied before (at B3, B6, B12, and B24 hours), during (D), or after (A) the production of high-carbohydrate diets (33% carbohydrates) to assess their effects on the growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout. The enzymes were added to the diets at the minimum required levels, determined by a reducing sugar test with dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) based on the available wheat flour and soybean meal in the diet. Seven isoenergetic (21 kJ/g) and isonitrogenous (40%) diets were formulated and fed to fish (n = 210, 17.41 ± 1.76 g) for 8 weeks. Overall growth parameters improved in the B6 and B3 groups, which also showed the lowest FCR values (0.84 and 0.85, respectively) and significantly higher weight gain, PER, and SGR compared to the other treatments. The apparent digestibility of protein, lipid, ash, and dry matter was significantly enhanced in the B3 group. Additionally, DHA and omega-3 fatty acid content increased in B3 (p < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed in fillet contents of EPA and ARA (arachidonic acid) between treatments (p > 0.05). The pretreatment of ingredients (B3 and B6) likely induced a protein-sparing effect, as indicated by higher PER and increased amino acid retention in the fillets (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher metabolizable energy and glucose levels led to significant upregulation of the ghrelin hormone (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) genes in the B3 and B6 treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, pretreatment of ingredients (soybean meal and wheat flour) with optimized multienzyme doses improved digestibility and activated regulatory genes, resulting in enhanced growth, feed utilization, and fillet quality in high-carbohydrate diets for rainbow trout.

• Klíčová slova
• Exogenous enzymes, Non-protein energy, Plant-based diet, Protein sparing effect, Rainbow trout, Sustainable aquaculture,
• MeSH
• dieta * veterinární   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• glykosidhydrolasy MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata * analýza   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss * růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• trávení * účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní sacharidy MeSH
• glykosidhydrolasy MeSH

Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tract of animals which assist in the breakdown of larger food molecules into more easily absorbed particles that can then be used by the body. The ability of fish to break down a diet is highly dependent on the availability of suitable digestive enzymes which mediate specific degradation pathways and on both the physical and chemical nature of food. Probiotics are known to produce helpful enzymes that aid in digestion and protect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals. When applied appropriately, probiotics improve intestinal microbial balance which also improves digestive enzyme activities, food absorption, and decrease pathogenic issues in the GIT. They work hand-in-hand with the digestive enzymes in the GIT of animals as supplements thereby improvings nutrition. This in turn leads to higher feed efficiency and growth as well as the prevention of antinutritional factors present in the ingredients, intestinal disorders, and pre-digestion. This review seeks to present summaries of the results of research findings on the application of probiotics on the activities of digestive enzymes including amylase, lipase, and protease. Further, this review points out gaps in available literature and suggests ideas that could be explored in further investigations to better understand and enhance the activities of these digestive enzymes to increase feed and nutrient utilization and the production of aquaculture species.

• Klíčová slova
• Digestibility, Digestive enzymes, Lipid, Probiotics, Protein,
• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
• měkkýši, korýši MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• probiotika * farmakologie   MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• trávení MeSH
• vodní hospodářství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Poor utilization efficiency of plant protein diets always leads to intestinal barrier dysfunction and growth inhibition in animals. Probiotics have shown promise in improving growth performance and gut health of the host. However, obtaining the host-beneficial probiotic from thousands of bacterial phylotypes is challenging. Here, four intestinal autochthonous bacteria were isolated from fast-growing bullfrog after a 60-day feeding on a soybean meal (SM)-based diet. Another feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing these strains in an SM-based diet on growth, nutrient digestibility, immunity, and gut health of bullfrog. A high-SM basal diet was used as a non-supplemented control group (NC), and four other diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 1 × 107 CFU/g of Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus tequilensis (BT), Bacillus velezensis, and Lactococcus lactis (LL). Results showed that weight gain, feed efficiency, nitrogen retention, and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein were significantly higher in the LL group compared with the NC group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the NC group, both BT and LL groups showed markedly higher jejunal protease and amylase activities, serum complement 4 and immunoglobulin M levels, jejunal muscularis thickness (p < 0.05), and up-regulated expression of il-10 and zo-1 genes (p < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing revealed higher abundances of Bacillus and Cetobacterium in BT and LL groups, respectively, accompanied with decreased abundances of Enterobacter and Escherichia-Shigella. Besides, KEGG pathways related to metabolisms were significantly enhanced by the LL diet relative to the NC diet (p < 0.05). Overall, the beneficial effects of two frog-derived probiotics were determined: supplementation of L. lactis in SM-based diet promoted growth and nutrient digestibility; both B. tequilensis and L. lactis supplementation improved immune response and intestinal barrier function of bullfrogs.

• Klíčová slova
• Lithobates catesbeianus, autochthonous bacteria, gut microbiota, gut structure, soybean meal-based diet,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The supplementation of fish diets with phytogenics can increase growth performance and can modulate immune system response. European perch Perca fluviatilis (initial weight 25.0 ± 0.4 g) were fed a diet including 0 (Control), 10 (G10), 20 (G20), and 30 (G30) g kg-1 garlic powder. No significant difference in the growth parameters and somatic indices were observed. Significantly higher fat digestibility was observed in G10 and G30 diets compared to in the control and G20 diets(p < 0.05). Significantly greater red blood cell and white blood cell counts were observed with the G10 diet (p < 0.05). Garlic significantly decreased serum cholesterol in all of the experimental groups. Serum albumin was significantly higher in the G10 and G20 diets (p < 0.05). Immediately after the overcrowding stress challenge, the garlic groups showed significantly higher cortisol levels than the control group, while no significant difference was observed in the glucose concentration among groups. At 1 h post-stress, all of the groups that had been fed a garlic-supplemented diet showed lower cortisol levels than the control group, and this trend was maintained at 6 and 24 h post stress (p < 0.05), and glucose level in all garlic groups was significantly lower than control (p < 0.05). Garlic at 10 g kg-1 in feed can improve apparent fat digestibility and selected blood parameters and can enhance resistance against high-density and net handling stress in Eurasian perch.

• Klíčová slova
• aquaculture, cortisol, fish, haematology, immunology, myeloid cells, stress,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study aims to analyse the effect of an Enterococcus faecium SLB 130 probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profile in weaning pigs. A total of 200 weaning pigs were taken and assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments according to their average initial body weight and sex in a complete randomised block design. The experimental diets were as follows: CON - basal diet, and the basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × 105 cfu/g (TRT1), 1.29 × 106 cfu/g (TRT2), 1.15 × 107 cfu/g (TRT3), and 1.1 × 108 cfu/g (TRT4) of E. faecium for 6 weeks. Pigs fed a diet containing an E. faecium SLB 130 probiotic supplement significantly increased (P < 0.05) the body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake at weeks 1, 3, 6, and the overall period. In addition, the E. faecium SLB 130 (P < 0.05) supplement group pigs showed an increased gain to feed ratio at week 6 and the overall experimental period. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of the E. faecium SLB 130 probiotic supplement linearly increased (P < 0.05) the nutrient digestibility of the dry matter and nitrogen, however, there were no improvements observed on weanling pigs' blood profile. In summary, the inclusion of an E. faecium SLB 130 probiotic additive in the weanling pigs' diet would be beneficial to enhance their growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

• Klíčová slova
• blood profile, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, weanling pigs,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper reports on a computer-based simulator (GI Mentor II) used for initial training in digestive endoscopy. The highly sophisticated apparatus employs real endoscopes and virtual accessories. The training programme starts with a group of exercises, specially designed to enhance eye-hand coordination. Interactive computerised simulator contains modules for training in gastroscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and endoscopic control of gastrointestinal bleeding. Virtual library contains 88 authentic cases of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Computer-based endoscopy simulators enable trainees to learn and gain technical endoscopic skills before operating on patients. It has the potential to shorten the learning process to competency in digestive endoscopy.

• MeSH
• endoskopie trávicího systému výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• uživatelské rozhraní počítače MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

The tetrahydroisoquinoline trabectedin is a marine compound with approved activity against human soft-tissue sarcoma. It exerts antiproliferative activity mainly by specific binding to the DNA and inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). As homologous recombination repair (HRR)-deficient tumors are more susceptible to trabectedin, hyperthermia-mediated on-demand induction of HRR deficiency represents a novel and promising strategy to boost trabectedin treatment. For the first time, we demonstrate enhancement of trabectedin effectiveness in human sarcoma cell lines by heat and characterize cellular events and molecular mechanisms related to heat-induced effects. Hyperthermic temperatures (41.8 or 43°C) enhanced significantly trabectedin-related clonogenic cell death and G2/M cell cycle arrest followed by cell type-dependent induction of apoptosis or senescence. Heat combination increased accumulation of γH2AX foci as key marker of DSBs. Expression of BRCA2 protein, an integral protein of the HRR machinery, was significantly decreased by heat. Consequently, recruitment of downstream RAD51 to γH2AX-positive repair foci was almost abolished indicating relevant impairment of HRR by heat. Accordingly, enhancement of trabectedin effectiveness was significantly augmented in BRCA2-proficient cells by hyperthermia and alleviated in BRCA2 knockout or siRNA-transfected BRCA2 knockdown cells. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from sarcoma patients, increased numbers of nuclear γH2AX foci were detected after systemic treatment with trabectedin and hyperthermia of the tumor region. The findings establish BRCA2 degradation by heat as a key factor for a novel treatment strategy that allows targeted chemosensitization to trabectedin and other DNA damaging antitumor drugs by on-demand induction of HRR deficiency.

• Klíčová slova
• DNA repair, hyperthermia, sarcoma, trabectedin,
• MeSH
• alkylační protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• chemorezistence účinky záření   MeSH
• dioxoly farmakologie   MeSH
• histony metabolismus   MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• kaspasy metabolismus   MeSH
• kontrolní body buněčného cyklu účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• protein BRCA2 metabolismus   MeSH
• proteolýza účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• rekombinační oprava DNA účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• rekombinasa Rad51 metabolismus   MeSH
• sarkom metabolismus   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• tetrahydroisochinoliny farmakologie   MeSH
• trabektedin MeSH
• transport proteinů MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkylační protinádorové látky MeSH
• dioxoly MeSH
• histony MeSH
• kaspasy MeSH
• protein BRCA2 MeSH
• rekombinasa Rad51 MeSH
• tetrahydroisochinoliny MeSH
• trabektedin MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The aim of study was to assess the impact of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol and minimally invasive approaches on short-term outcomes in rectal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of patients that underwent open or minimally invasive rectal resections in a single institution between January 2015 and April 2020 were included in the study. An ERAS program was introduced in April 2016. The study cohort was divided into three groups: open surgery without ERAS, open surgery with ERAS, and minimally invasive surgery with ERAS. Outcome measures compared were recovery parameters, surgical stress parameters, 30-day morbidity and mortality, oncological radicality and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 202 patients were included: 43 in the open non-ERAS group, 92 in the open ERAS group and 67 in the minimally invasive ERAS group. All recovery parameters apart from postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly improved in both ERAS groups. Surgical stress parameters, prolonged postoperative ileus, and hospital stay were significantly reduced in the minimally invasive ERAS group. The overall 30-day morbidity and mortality and oncological radicality did not significantly differ among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive approaches and enhanced recovery care in rectal surgery improve short-term outcomes. Their combination leads to an improvement in recovery parameters and a reduction of prolonged postoperative ileus and hospital stay.

• Klíčová slova
• Rectal cancer, enhanced recovery, laparoscopic surgery, outcome, robotic surgery,
• MeSH
• chirurgie trávicího traktu * metody   MeSH
• délka pobytu MeSH
• ileus * etiologie   MeSH
• laparoskopie * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• miniinvazivní chirurgické výkony škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• perioperační péče metody   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• střeva MeSH
• urychlená pooperační rehabilitace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this study, the effect of using medicinal plants on nutrition composition and biologically active substances in cereal mixtures were investigated. In order to develop new type of non-traditional muesli mixtures supplemented with edible flowers, eight muesli mixtures were prepared applying the mixing ratio of 60‒70% of non-traditional flakes and 30‒40% of lyophilized fruits and edible flowers. This study examines nutritional composition, digestibility, fibres and phenolics of nutraceutical muesli mixtures using enzymatic-gravimetric and chromatographic methods. It shows that the mixture of kamut, einkorn, red and black quinoa or rice flakes together with hibiscus, mallow, rose, fruits has increased the fibre content (11.9‒21.2%) and in vitro digestibility (87.8‒93.8%). The greatest concentrations of individual phenolic contents were determined in free and soluble bound fractions of the mixtures. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (up to 116 mg/kg) and delphinidin-3-glucoside (up to 76.9 mg/kg) were established as major anthocyanins. Considering the individual phenolic fractions, sinapic and protocatechuic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids and quercetin and epigallocatechin represented the most frequent flavonoids. These results indicate that non-traditional muesli with edible flowers containing a high amount of nutrients and bioactive substances have the potential to enhance a nutritionally balanced diet.

• Klíčová slova
• Edible flower, In vitro digestibility, Muesli, Non-traditional flake, Phenolics,
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny * MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• flavonoidy * MeSH
• květy MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthokyaniny * MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• flavonoidy * MeSH