Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening illness with poor treatment outcomes. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation method, its effect in patients with AN remains unclear. Objective: This study investigated changes in maladaptive eating behavior, body mass index (BMI), and depression after 10 sessions of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 43 inpatients with AN were divided to receive either active (n = 22) or sham (n = 21) tDCS over the left DLPFC (anode F3/cathode Fp2, 2 mA for 30 min). All patients filled the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG), and their BMI was measured. These values were obtained repeatedly in four stages: (1) before tDCS treatment, (2) after tDCS treatment, (3) in the follow-up after 2 weeks, and (4) in the follow-up after 4 weeks. Results: Primary outcomes (EDE-Q) based on the ANOVA results do not show any between-group differences either after the active part of the study or in the follow-up. Secondary analysis reveals a reduction in some items of EDE-Q. Compared with sham tDCS, active tDCS significantly improved self-evaluation based on body shape (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased the need of excessive control over calorie intake (p < 0.05) in the 4-week follow-up. However, the results do not survive multiple comparison correction. In both sham and active groups, the BMI values improved, albeit not significantly. Conclusion: We did not observe a significant effect of tDCS over the left DLPFC on complex psychopathology and weight recovery in patients with AN. tDCS reduced the need to follow specific dietary rules and improved body image evaluation in patients with AN. Tests with a larger sample and different positions of electrodes are needed. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03273205.
- Klíčová slova
- EDE-Q, Zung scale of depression, anorexia nervosa, brain stimulation, self-perception, tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and their association with socio-demographic and behavioural factors among university students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study among university students (Chinese and international) in Nanjing, China. We collected the data from 877 students, of which 811 were eligible for this study. They submitted a self-administered questionnaire (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6 (EDE-Q6) related to socio-demographic, health variables and lifestyle factors. Data were assessed with the help of SPSS software. RESULTS: A total of 401 Chinese and 410 international university students (49.44% vs. 50.55%) participated in this study. Binary logistic regression showed that young female adults of 18~25 years of age had more risk of developing eating disorders. Higher body mass index (BMI), such as overweight and obesity, were more influential risk factors (p < 0.001) for eating disorders. The significant risks (p < 0.001) EDs were found in students who were athletes, physically active, and involved in various extra-curricular activities. Alcohol and smoking were significant risk factors associated with eating disorders. CONCLUSION: The results indicated higher risks of eating disorders followed by objective binge eating and compensatory behaviour. In this scenario, early assessment and treatment are necessary to reduce the burden of eating disorders and to promote good nutritional practices among university students.
- Klíčová slova
- EDE-Q, binge eating disorder, compensatory behaviour, cross-sectional studies, risk factors,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy příjmu potravy * epidemiologie MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- studenti MeSH
- univerzity MeSH
- východní Asiaté * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Toxicity of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls, is largely mediated via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. AhR-mediated gene expression can be tissue-specific; however, the inducibility of AhR in the lungs, a major target of DLCs, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we developed relative effective potencies (REPs) for a series of DLCs in both rodent (MLE-12, RLE-6TN) and human (A549, BEAS-2B) lung and bronchial epithelial cell models, using expression of both canonical (CYP1A1, CYP1B1) and less well characterized (TIPARP, AHRR, ALDH3A1) AhR target genes. The use of rat, murine and human cell lines allowed us to determine both species-specific differences in sensitivity of responses to DLCs in lung cellular models and deviations from established WHO toxic equivalency factor values (TEF) values. Finally, expression of selected AhR target genes was determined in vivo, using lung tissues of female rats exposed to a single oral dose of DLCs and compared with the obtained in vitro data. All cell models were highly sensitive to DLCs, with murine MLE-12 cells being the most sensitive and human A549 cells being the least sensitive. Interestingly, we observed that four AhR target genes were more sensitive than CYP1A1 in lung cell models (CYP1B1, AHRR, TIPARP and/or ALDH3A1). We found some deviations, with strikingly low REPs for polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs 105, 167, 169 and 189 in rat RLE-6TN cells-derived REPs for a series of 20 DLCs evaluated in this study, as compared with WHO TEF values. For other DLCs, including PCBs 126, 118 and 156, REPs were generally in good accordance with WHO TEF values. This conclusion was supported by in vivo data obtained in rat lung tissue. However, we found that human lung REPs for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and PCB 126 were much lower than the respective rat lung REPs. Furthermore, PCBs 118 and 156 were almost inactive in these human cells. Our observations may have consequences for risk assessment. Given the differences observed between rat and human data sets, development of human-specific REP/TEFs, and the use of CYP1B1, AHRR, TIPARP and/or ALDH3A1 mRNA inducibility as sensitive endpoints, are recommended for assessment of relative effective potencies of DLCs.
- Klíčová slova
- AhR, Dioxin-like compounds, Endogenous target genes, Lung epithelial cells, Relative effective potencies,
- MeSH
- buňky A549 MeSH
- dioxiny toxicita MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- hlodavci MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- plíce účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity metody MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dioxiny MeSH
Consensus toxicity factors (CTFs) were developed as a novel approach to establish toxicity factors for risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Eighteen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and biphenyls (PCBs) with assigned World Health Organization toxic equivalency factors (WHO-TEFs) and two additional PCBs were screened in 17 human and rodent bioassays to assess their induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-related responses. For each bioassay and compound, relative effect potency values (REPs) compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were calculated and analyzed. The responses in the human and rodent cell bioassays generally differed. Most notably, the human cell models responded only weakly to PCBs, with 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) being the only PCB that frequently evoked sufficiently strong responses in human cells to permit us to calculate REP values. Calculated REPs for PCB126 were more than 30 times lower than the WHO-TEF value for PCB126. CTFs were calculated using score and loading vectors from a principal component analysis to establish the ranking of the compounds and, by rescaling, also to provide numerical differences between the different congeners corresponding to the TEF scheme. The CTFs were based on rat and human bioassay data and indicated a significant deviation for PCBs but also for certain PCDD/Fs from the WHO-TEF values. The human CTFs for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran were up to 10 times greater than their WHO-TEF values. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models were used to predict CTFs for untested WHO-TEF compounds, suggesting that the WHO-TEF value for 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran could be underestimated by an order of magnitude for both human and rodent models. Our results indicate that the CTF approach provides a powerful tool for condensing data from batteries of screening tests using compounds with similar mechanisms of action, which can be used to improve risk assessment of DLCs.
- MeSH
- benzofurany chemie toxicita MeSH
- hlodavci MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- kvantitativní vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly chemie toxicita MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny analogy a deriváty chemie toxicita MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzofurany MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků fyziologie MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benzofurany MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzofurany MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků MeSH
This article provides a comprehensive view of the issue of dry eye. It emphasizes provisions of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society, discusses the new classification and definition of dry eye based on its pathophysiology, and emphasizes the correct diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, which appears in the form of algorithms. Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. Dry eye disease is a dynamic and complex disease of the ocular surface and ocular adnexa with known risk factors. It is a disease with a cyclical character, in which the most important step is to find the etiological trigger, to restore homeostasis and break the vicious circle. The key elements in the diagnosis are increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface, which are accompanied by ocular symptoms (discomfort, visual disturbance). Inflammation is not always associated with hyperemia and can be confirmed by several techniques and methods. However, in current clinical practice, there is still no "gold standard" and sufficient tests to diagnose inflammation of the ocular surface. The treatment of dry eye disease must be individualized, dynamic and optimized for each stage of the disease.
We report on the latest advancements in Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (3D ED/MicroED), as discussed during a symposium at the National Center for CryoEM Access and Training housed at the New York Structural Biology Center. This snapshot describes cutting-edge developments in various facets of the field and identifies potential avenues for continued progress. Key sections discuss instrumentation access, research applications for small molecules and biomacromolecules, data collection hardware and software, data reduction software, and finally reporting and validation. 3D ED/MicroED is still early in its wide adoption by the structural science community with ample opportunities for expansion, growth, and innovation.
- Klíčová slova
- 3D ED, MicroED, electron diffraction, microcrystal electron diffraction,
- MeSH
- elektronová kryomikroskopie * MeSH
- průběh práce MeSH
- software * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with a poor prognosis. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to describe mechanisms of AHF and to identify the predictors for all-cause mortality by patients admitted for hospitalization by emergency departments (EDs) as well as to compare European and American data. METHODS: We designed a prospective registry of consecutively admitted patients for AHF to a high-volume university hospital ED during a 1-year period (n=202; age, 75±11 years; 51% men; ejection fraction, 38%±15%). RESULTS: The major causes of AHF were coronary artery disease, often with concomitant mitral regurgitation, hypertension, or atrial fibrillation (>90% of cases). At admission, 24.9% of patients had preserved ejection fractions (>50%); and only 7.7% fulfilled the definition of diastolic AHF. The 30-day and long-term mortality (median follow-up, 793 days) were 20.3% and 31.0%, respectively. A low systolic blood pressure (P=.006), reduced ejection fraction (P=.044), and low serum hemoglobin level (P<.01) emerged as the strongest predictors of all-cause mortality. In patients with AHF without acute myocardial infarction (MI) (63.9%), prescription, at discharge, of statins (P<.05) was independently associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The patient's blood pressure, ejection fraction, and hemoglobin values, at admission, were identified as the strongest predictors of all-cause mortality. In AHF not triggered by acute MI, long-term use of statins may be associated with reduced survival. The prevalence of diastolic AHF is low. The American AHF population had similar baseline characteristics; needed fewer intensive care unit admissions; had a better 30 days of prognosis, lower incidence of MI, and de novo AHF diagnoses. In a similar subgroup, we observed similar incidences of inotropic support and mechanical ventilation. Our results could not be generalized to all patients with AHF admitted to US EDs.
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- hemoglobiny analýza MeSH
- Kaplanův-Meierův odhad MeSH
- krevní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mortalita v nemocnicích MeSH
- nemocnice univerzitní statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- registrace MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční selhání epidemiologie mortalita patofyziologie MeSH
- tepový objem fyziologie MeSH
- urgentní služby nemocnice statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
- Spojené státy americké epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hemoglobiny MeSH
There is an increasing evidence that unilateral nerve injury induces cellular and molecular changes in the associated DRG not only on the ipsilateral but also in the contralateral side. In this investigation, ED-1+ macrophages were quantified by image analysis in the naïve L5 DRG (nDRG) and compared with the ipsi- and contralateral ones 2 and 4 weeks after unilateral sciatic nerve ligature and ventral root transection (VRT). A few ED-1+ macrophages were found in nDRG but not closely associated with the neuronal bodies. In contrast, following nerve injuries ED-1+ macrophages and their processes were frequently located close neuronal bodies and became their satellite cells. Moreover, an increased number of ED-1+ cells was found in the ipsilateral DRG 2 weeks after unilateral sciatic nerve ligature or VRT, but no significant differences were measured between 2 and 4 weeks after both types of nerve lesion. Contralateral DRG displayed a significant enhanced number of ED-1+ cells no sooner than 4 weeks from sciatic nerve ligature. In contrast, VRT induced a significant increased invasion of the ED-1+ cells in the contralateral DRG as early as 2 weeks after operation. Our experiments indicate that a significantly higher number of ED-1+ macrophages remained in both ipsi- and contralateral DRG up to 4 weeks from nerve injury. Based on results from different models of nerve injury, we suggest that more than one mechanism operates to stimulate the invasion of ED-1+ macrophages into the DRG including retrograde transport of factors produced during Wallerian degeneration or their delivery by blood flow. Signaling for macrophage invasion into DRG contralateral to nerve injury may be mediated by lost motoneurons or by interneurones.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- funkční lateralita * MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- interneurony patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- makrofágy metabolismus patologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- motorické neurony patologie MeSH
- nervus ischiadicus zranění MeSH
- neuralgie imunologie patologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- spinální ganglia imunologie patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
Recent investigations of a Greco-Roman site at Sais have provided well-preserved archaeobotanical remains within a pile of metal fragments. The remains are compared with comparable modern taxa. The morphology and anatomy are studied using Light microscope (LM), Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). To investigate the preservation mode, Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and elemental mapping are conducted. Results revealed that the archaeobotanical remains are exhibiting close affinity with modern juniper cones. Although, the studied archaeobotanical remains are buried for more than 2 millenniums, they underwent early stages of silicification and copper mineralization. These results are discussed in relation to other excavated objects in the find and to our knowledge and understanding of daily life in the Greco-Roman period.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
