INTRODUCTION: The global burden of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, remains a significant public health challenge. The Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score was developed as a tool to evaluate cardiovascular health behaviours and habits and identify high-risk individuals. The present study aimed to assess the distribution of LS7 scores among educational strata. METHODS: The study population consisted of 3,383 asymptomatic individuals screened for colorectal cancer at a single centre in Austria. We split patients into lower (n = 1,055), medium (n = 1,997), and higher (n = 331) education, based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Cox regression models were utilized to determine the association between education and mortality over a median follow-up period of 7 years. RESULTS: Individuals with higher educational status had a significantly higher prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health metrics, as defined by the LS7 score, compared to those with medium and lower educational status: n = 94 (28%) vs. n = 347 (17%) and n = 84 (8%), respectively, (p < 0.001). In the Cox regression analysis, both medium (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43-0.84, p < 0.001) and higher educational status (HR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.19-1.01, p = 0.06) were associated with all-cause mortality, as was the LS7. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight a significant association between lower educational status and poorer cardiovascular health, as assessed by LS7, which persisted even after multivariable adjustment. Additionally, both educational status and LS7 were associated with increased mortality, underscoring the significance of our results. These findings have important implications for public health, as screening and prevention strategies may need to be tailored to meet the diverse educational backgrounds of individuals, given the higher prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours among those with lower educational status.

• Klíčová slova
• Simple 7, cardiovascular health, education, public health,
• MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• zdravé chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko epidemiologie   MeSH

The level of educational attainment in Czechoslovakia is described using data from the 1961, 1970, and 1980 censuses. Particular attention is paid to improvements in the educational status of women.

• Klíčová slova
• Census, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Economic Factors, Educational Status--women *, Europe, Population, Population Characteristics *, Socioeconomic Factors *, Socioeconomic Status,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky * MeSH
• sčítání lidu MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• společenská třída MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

PURPOSE: Using the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), we examined the educational and vocational pathways of two comparable, parental cohorts: childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and their siblings. Both cohorts had previously entered parenthood. The aim of the study was to elucidate whether childhood cancer and treatment affect the educational pathways chosen by parents who are former patients. METHODS: We analysed data that was collected from childhood cancer survivors and their siblings regarding their offspring's health within the FeCt Multicentre Offspring Study (conducted 2013-2016). We evaluated and compared the professional pathways of (i) all participating survivors and all participating siblings and those of (ii) survivors and their biological siblings. RESULTS: Overall information on parental gender, age, and education were available from 1077 survivors and 246 siblings (group (i)). The majority of participants were female with a mean age of 35.2 (survivor) and 37.9 (sibling) years at time of survey. For subgroup (ii), analysis information was available on 191 survivors and 210 siblings. Fathers achieved university degrees significantly more often than mothers (p = 0.003 (i), p < 0.001 (ii)). The distribution of professional education was not significantly different between cancer survivors and siblings in either cohort (i) or (ii). CONCLUSIONS: Regarding our research on the educational and vocational trajectory of CCS, patients can be reassured that family planning and vocational education are well compatible. Inequalities regarding gender-specific educational pathways remain to be addressed. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: CCS should monitor their fertility status regularly and, if necessary, cryopreserve germ cells or tissue in order to optimize their family planning. Educational opportunities should be pursued as desired and with confidence. Local as well as European aftercare programs can assist with family planning and education.

• Klíčová slova
• Childhood cancer survivor, Education, Offspring, University degree, Vocational training,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * terapie   MeSH
• přežívající onkologičtí pacienti * MeSH
• přežívající MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• sourozenci MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This paper analyzes trends in educational homogamy in six European countries (Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Italy). We use vital statistics on all marriages contracted between 1990 and 2016. Absolute educational homogamy increases in all countries (very moderately in the Czech Republic and Italy), it changes its structure, and the absolute educational hypogamy of women increases. The trends over time and among countries in relative educational homogamy are tested using log-linear and log-multiplicative models. We expand a regression-type layer effect model (the Goodman-Hout model) into a four-way table. The results indicate differing assortative mating by educational categories. Relative homogamy decreases in tertiary education. In lower educational categories, relative homogamy increases. We present the hypothesis that a decrease in relative homogamy in tertiary education is a consequence of the rise of social homogamy. We conceptualize this homogamy balance as a "complementary maintained homogamy." Because changes in relative educational homogamies are the same in all countries, the cross-country differences remain constant over time. We conceptualize this as a "maintained flux." The European countries are not in convergence, even though the relative homogamies delineated by educational categories change.

• Klíčová slova
• Assortative mating, Education, European countries, Homogamy, Inequality, Log-linear model, Log-multiplicative model, Social stratification,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rozmnožování * MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

AIMS: This study investigated gender and educational differences in trends in schoolwork pressure between 2001 and 2017 in nationally representative samples of Dutch adolescents in secondary education. METHODS: Data from five surveys of the Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study were used. RESULTS: Across the surveys, an increase in perceived schoolwork pressure was observed. Girls and adolescents enrolled in the higher educational levels reported higher levels of perceived schoolwork pressure and the strongest increase in schoolwork pressure over time. Especially for girls, there was a stronger increase in schoolwork pressure for those enrolled in higher educational tracks. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in schoolwork pressure over time were stronger among Dutch girls and students in the higher educational levels. Over time, schoolwork pressure increased most among girls in the highest educational levels. Explanations and implications for these results are discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• HBSC, School stress, educational level differences, gender, the Netherlands, time trends, tracked educational system,
• MeSH
• chování mladistvých * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• etnicita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• školy MeSH
• studenti * MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We examined the relationship between educational attainment (EA) and anxiety symptoms in a sample of 77,792 individuals (median age = 64 years, 55% female) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Using logistic regression, we estimated odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between EA (7 educational levels based on International Standard Classification of Education) and anxiety symptoms (12 or more points from the shortened 5-item version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory), adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors. We further explored whether the relationship varied by region, sex and age group. Independent of sociodemographic and health-related factors, higher levels of EA were associated with lower odds of anxiety symptoms. The magnitude of this association plateaued at first stage of tertiary education (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.35-0.47, p < 0.001). The association was stronger in females, middle-aged individuals and in Central and Eastern Europe while not apparent in Northern Europe. Our findings suggest that individuals with higher education might be protected against anxiety throughout life. The protective effect of education against anxiety symptoms is more pronounced in less egalitarian regions and in females.

• MeSH
• Evropané MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• úzkost * epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Globally, Czechia and Lithuania are among the top-ranking countries in terms of high alcohol consumption. This study highlights notable contrasts in temporal trends in alcohol-related mortality and identifies country-specific patterns in educational differences. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses harmonised cause-of-death series from the Human Cause of Death Database. Mortality disparities by education were assessed using census-linked mortality data. Directly standardised death rates were used to estimate levels of national and group-specific mortality. Relative and absolute mortality differences by education were assessed by range-type measures (Poisson regression mortality ratios and rate differences) and Gini-type measures. RESULTS: Between 1994-1995 and 2016, the absolute difference between Czechia and Lithuania in terms of alcohol-related age-standardised death rates (per 1 000 000) decreased from 450 for males and 130 for females to 76 in males and 11 in females. In both countries, alcohol-related mortality was markedly higher among persons of lower education levels. Lithuanian males experienced the highest absolute inequalities measured by rate difference between the low and high educated (740 per million), while Lithuanian females showed the most pronounced relative inequalities (6.70-fold difference between low and high educated). The corresponding figures were less than half for Czechia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Reducing educational disparities in alcohol-related mortality within both countries would have a substantial impact on overall levels. Policies aimed at targeting the lowest priced and illegal alcohols and reducing levels of harmful drinking should be a priority, especially in Lithuania.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, Eastern Europe, Lithuania, alcohol-related disorders, differential mortality, educational achievement, social determinants of health,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu * mortalita   MeSH
• příčina smrti MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Litva epidemiologie   MeSH

This study aims to investigate the association between educational level and breast cancer mortality in Europe in the 2000s. Unlike most other causes of death, breast cancer mortality tends to be positively related to education, with higher educated women showing higher mortality rates. Research has however shown that the association is changing from being positive over non-existent to negative in some countries. To investigate these patterns, data from national mortality registers and censuses were collected and harmonized for 18 European populations. The study population included all women aged 30-74. Age-standardized mortality rates, mortality rate ratios, and slope and relative indexes of inequality were computed by education. The population was stratified according to age (women aged 30-49 and women aged 50-74). The relation between educational level and breast cancer mortality was predominantly negative in women aged 30-49, mortality rates being lower among highly educated women and higher among low educated women, although few outcomes were statistically significant. Among women aged 50-74, the association was mostly positive and statistically significant in some populations. A comparison with earlier research in the 1990s revealed a changing pattern of breast cancer mortality. Positive educational differences that used to be significant in the 1990s were no longer significant in the 2000s, indicating that inequalities have decreased or disappeared. This evolution is in line with the "fundamental causes" theory which stipulates that whenever medical insights and treatment become available to combat a disease, a negative association with socio-economic position will arise, independently of the underlying risk factors.

• Klíčová slova
• Europe, breast cancer mortality, educational differences,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• etnicita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• zdravotní výchova * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

By means of interviews two sexologists examined in 1986-1994 771 Czech girls aged 16-18 years during their stay in the spa of Frantiskovy Láznĕ. Up to the end of 1989 the authors studied the sexual development of 158 girls apprentices and 231 girl students. After the "Velvet Revolution" 159 apprentices and 223 students were examined. Comparison of these sub-groups revealed that the sexual development of students was highly significantly retaried, as compared with the apprentices; this applied to the period before and after 1989. This difference is interpreted mainly by the higher education, expressed by the sum of years of school attendance of both parents of the examined girls and a higher standard of the education process in secondary schools as compared with schools for apprentices.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• sexuální chování * MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Social influences are among the most important factors associated with children's and adolescents' smoking. Social norms in families, peer groups, professional and municipal communities influence the individuals ones by the process of socialization obtained mainly by interactions and observations. Especially social context of the home environment expressed by household smoking restriction serves as a socialization mechanism that dissuades from the using of tobacco. Parental anti-smoking socialization practices (their attitudes and knowledge about children smoking, discussion about smoking in appropriate quality and frequency, smoking environment in homes) are influenced by their education and family status. METHODS: Markers of social environment (the level of mothers' and fathers' education, family status) were investigated during interview with 5th graders included in the cohort participating in the programme "Non-smoking Is Normal". Data about the self-reported exposure to passive smoking at homes and cars were taken into consideration. Information about discussions with parents about smoking, opinions about adults smoking, experimentation with smoking, and concurrent decision about smoking in the future were obtained from 766 children aged 11 years. Those who did not know parental education or family status were excluded from the evaluation. Differences were evaluated using the chi-square, Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher and Yates corrected tests in the statistic software Epi Info, version 6. RESULTS: The level of mothers' and fathers' education significantly influenced the exposure of children to passive smoking. Compared to families of higher educated parents, children living in families with middle and low levels of parents' education were significantly more exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and in car (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.04-1.83) and fewer of them live in non-smoking environments. In the whole cohort, 67.5% children have not smoked even one puff yet, 17.2% reported one single attempt, and 15.4% smoked repeatedly. The level of parents' education had no influence on children's concurrent smoking experimentation or on their concurrent decision about smoking in the future. There was also no difference in number of children who obtained cigarettes from their parents and parents' level of education (about 6%). When the level of maternal education was combined with the family status, significant differences were found. Compared to children living with two biological parents (highly educated mother), children from other groups more often reported current experimentating with smoking and lower number of those decided not to smoke in the future. No significant differences were found in other markers of knowledge and attitudes between children from analysed social family groups. CONCLUSION: In our study, the parental education has significantly influenced exposure of children to passive smoking at homes and in cars, but had no effect on children's opinions and attitudes about smoking. Higher education of mothers and family status significantly lowered the frequency of current experimentation and decision about future smoking among children living in families with two biological parents of whom mother attained higher education. It is necessary to seek ways for improving parental concern about smoking prevention.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rodina * MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH