The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether there is a real demand for equal access to health care or--better--to medical care and which interest groups (patients, health care professionals, policy makers and others) are interested in equal access. The focus is on EU countries including recent case law from the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. We discuss whether there is a need to have legislative safeguards to protect equal access to medical care and whether such norms really work. The paper concludes that some of the key players in medical care are not primarily governed by a real willingness to have equal and just access to medical care, but by rather egoistic approaches. It seems that policy makers and politicians are the only ones who, surprisingly, must at least formally call for and enforce equal access to medical care. Interests of other groups seem to be different.

• MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb * MeSH
• důstojnost lidského života MeSH
• etika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• politika MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Health Care and Public Health,
• MeSH
• alokace zdrojů MeSH
• cíle * MeSH
• komunismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nesprávné profesionální chování MeSH
• politické systémy MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče * MeSH
• přidělování zdravotní péče MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Československo MeSH

Tens of thousands of women were coercively sterilized in Czechoslovakia and its successor states. Romani women were particularly targeted for these measures. These practices stopped only in 2004, as a result of international pressure. Although some measures have been taken to ensure that these practices are not repeated, to date neither the Czech Republic nor Slovakia have completed the work of providing effective remedy to victims, as is their right. This article focusses on efforts in the Czech Republic. It concludes that, inter alia, an administrative mechanism is needed to provide financial compensation to victims, since the road to remedy via courts is effectively blocked.

• MeSH
• kompenzace a odškodnění * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nátlak * MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost * ekonomika   etika   MeSH
• sterilizace nedobrovolná * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Justice is one of the fundamental concepts of right ordering of human relationships. Justice is a regulative idea for the arrangement of society preceding the law and already seen in animals; the sense of justice is observed as early as in young children. The ability to altruistic behavior, sense of fairness, reciprocity and mutual help are probably genetically determined as a disposition, which may further develop or be deformed by education. Although justice issues are common in psychotherapy, they may not be reflected and processed in the course of therapy. In psychotherapy, justice issues appear directly in what the client says (mostly about injustice), but more frequently the issues are implicitly contained in complaints and stories against a background of conflicts and problems. They may be related to the client's story, his or her problems with other people, and the therapeutic process itself, including client´s selection of therapy, therapeutic relationship, and therapeutic change strategies. By increasing receptiveness to the issue of justice, the therapist may help improve the therapeutic process. Problems with justice between the therapist and the client may be revealed by honest therapist self-reflection or high-quality supervision.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: It is now commonly accepted that there exists a form of drug supply, that involves the non-commercial supply of drugs to friends and acquaintances for little or no profit, which is qualitatively different from profit motivated 'drug dealing proper'. 'Social supply', as it has become known, has a strong conceptual footprint in the United Kingdom, shaped by empirical research, policy discussion and its accommodation in legal frameworks. Though scholarship has emerged in a number of contexts outside the UK, the extent to which social supply has developed as an internationally recognised concept in criminal justice contexts is still unclear. METHODS: Drawing on an established international social supply research network across eleven nations, this paper provides the first assessment of social supply as an internationally relevant concept. Data derives from individual and team research stemming from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, England and Wales, and the United States, supported by expert reflection on research evidence and analysis of sentencing and media reporting in each context. In situ social supply experts addressed a common set of questions regarding the nature of social supply for their particular context including: an overview of social supply research activity, reflection on the extent that differentiation is accommodated in drug supply sentencing frameworks; evaluating the extent to which social supply is recognised in legal discourse and in sentencing practices and more broadly by e.g. criminal justice professionals in the public sphere. A thematic analysis of these scripts was undertaken and emergent themes were developed. Whilst having an absence of local research, New Zealand is also included in the analysis as there exists a genuine discursive presence of social supply in the drug control and sentencing policy contexts in that country. RESULTS: Findings suggest that while social supply has been found to exist as a real and distinct behaviour, its acceptance and application in criminal justice systems ranges from explicit through to implicit. In the absence of dedicated guiding frameworks, strong use is made of discretion and mitigating circumstances in attempts to acknowledge supply differentiation. In some jurisdictions, there is no accommodation of social supply, and while aggravating factors can be applied to differentiate more serious offences, social suppliers remain subject to arbitrary deterrent sentencing apparatus. CONCLUSION: Due to the shifting sands of politics, mood, or geographical disparity, reliance on judicial discretion and the use of mitigating circumstances to implement commensurate sentences for social suppliers is no longer sufficient. Further research is required to strengthen the conceptual presence of social supply in policy and practice as a behaviour that extends beyond cannabis and is relevant to users of all drugs. Research informed guidelines and/or specific sentencing provisions for social suppliers would provide fewer possibilities for inconsistency and promote more proportionate outcomes for this fast-growing group.

• Klíčová slova
• Drug dealing, Drugs, Friend supply, Minimally commercial supply, Proportionality, Sentencing, Social supply, User-dealers,
• MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• kontrola léčiv a omamných látek zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obchodování s drogami zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• sociální sítě * MeSH
• trestní zákon MeSH
• uživatelé drog psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

In a recent court ruling, the European Court of Justice concluded that a Member State violated the European Directive on working time. The issue concerned the meaning of working time as defined by the Directive. It appeared that the time an employee is present and available at the workplace, with a view to providing his professional services, had to be considered as working time. That conclusion may affect the organisation of health services in other Member States, such as the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• personální obsazení a rozvrh zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• sektor zdravotní péče zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• zdravotnický personál MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

In spite of ongoing globalisation in many fields, the ethics of radiological protection have long been discussed almost exclusively in terms of 'Western' moral philosophy concepts such as utilitarianism or deontology. A cross-cultural discourse in this field is only just beginning. In 'Principles of Biomedical Ethics', Beauchamp and Childress suggested that there exists a 'common morality' which is 'not relative to cultures or individuals, because it transcends both'. They proposed four cross-culturally valid principles for decision making in medicine: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. A similar approach is being developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection Task Group 94 on the ethics of radiological protection. Here, the core values are: human dignity, beneficence/non-maleficence, prudence, and justice. Other values could be added, such as consideration for the interests of society as a whole or the interests of future generations, or procedural values such as transparency and accountability; this paper will include a brief discussion on how they relate to the four basic principles. The main question to be addressed here, however, is whether the proposed core values are indeed part of a 'common morality'. This, as it will be argued, cannot be decided by a global opinion poll, but has to be based on an analysis of the written and oral traditions that have provided ethical orientation throughout history, and are still considered seminal by the majority of people. It turns out that there are indeed many commonalities across cultures, and that the concept of globally shared core values for the radiological protection system is not hopelessly idealistic.

• Klíčová slova
• Balancing principles, Biomedical ethics, Core values, Globalisation, Procedural values,
• MeSH
• dobročinnost MeSH
• důstojnost lidského života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radiační ochrana metody   MeSH
• sociální hodnoty * MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Radiological protection is often considered a matter of scientific and technological facts only, not of value judgements. This perception is now gradually changing, especially with ICRP Publication 138, which addressed the ethical foundation of the system of radiological protection. It identified values which have guided the Commission's recommendations over the decades, but have not always been made explicit. Four core values are discussed (beneficence/non-maleficence, prudence, justice, dignity) as well as three procedural values (accountability, transparency, inclusivity). The latter are considered critical to the practical implementation of the system of radiological protection. Here we are exploring empathy as a procedural values complementing the three identified in ICRP Publication 138. Empathy can be defined as the 'capability (or disposition) to immerse oneself in and to reflect upon the experiences, perspectives and contexts of others'. It is often understood as a skill that one either has or has not, but research has shown it can be taught and therefore can be required as an attitude of those working in health care, education, design, and technology. We suggest it is an essential prerequisite to the assessment and management of any radiological situation and the health problems accruing from it. The concerns of people affected, their needs and wishes need to be taken seriously from the very beginning of any decision-making process. Even if they are considered unfounded and exaggerated, the insights they provide will be valuable for the understanding of the overall situation. Without empathy, our practice of beneficence and non-maleficence as well as solidarity would be oddly limited.

• Klíčová slova
• applied ethics, ethical principles, moral values, radiological protection,
• MeSH
• empatie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mravy MeSH
• radiační ochrana * MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recently reviewed the ethical foundations of its recommendations. The approach taken in its report is similar to principlism, i.e. the system of Beauchamp and Childress proposed in their 'Principles of Biomedical Ethics.' The commission identifies a number of 'core values' which have helped shape the evolution of the ICRP system of radiological protection, namely 'Beneficence and non-maleficence', 'Prudence', 'Justice' and 'Dignity'. In addition, 'procedural values' are cited that are important for the system's applications in practice, 'Accountability', 'Transparency' and 'Inclusiveness (Stakeholder Participation)'. It is emphasized that these values are common to or at least acceptable for people from different cultural backgrounds, which for an endeavour as global in nature as radiological protection seems to be quite important and appropriate. Thus, the ICRP document on 'Ethics of radiological protection' could set a standard for other areas.

• Klíčová slova
• biomedical ethics, common morality, cross-cultural ethics, ethics of public health, radiation protection,
• MeSH
• bioetika * MeSH
• dobročinnost MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radiační ochrana * MeSH
• sociální odpovědnost MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The results of the study Benchmarking Regional Health Management II suggest that compulsory measles immunisation is a good practice in public health management. Yet, the potential achievement of the desired health outcome alone is not a sufficient reason to make the immunisation obligatory. Rather, compulsory measles immunisation is a morally challenging measure. In this article, compulsory measles immunisation is critically evaluated from a public health ethics point of view. For this evaluation, a set of ethical criteria is proposed: respect for autonomy, health maximisation, efficiency, proportionality and social justice. The authors suggest it should not be taken for granted that compulsory measles immunisation should be championed, rather, health policy makers in the European Union should try to raise immunisation rates with non-compulsory means.

• MeSH
• benchmarking etika   metody   MeSH
• důstojnost lidského života MeSH
• efektivita organizační MeSH
• kvalita zdravotní péče MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy etika   MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• spalničková vakcína aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví - praxe etika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• spalničková vakcína MeSH