Aerial photographs depict objects from an overhead position, which gives them several unusual visual characteristics that are challenging for viewers to perceive and memorize. However, even for untrained viewers, aerial photographs are still meaningful and rich with contextual information. Such visual stimulus properties are considered appropriate and important when testing for expertise effects in visual recognition memory. The current experiment investigated memory recognition in expert image analysts and untrained viewers using two types of aerial photographs. The experts were better than untrained viewers at recognizing both vertical aerial photographs, which is the domain of their expertise, and oblique aerial photographs. Thus, one notable finding is that the superior memory performance of experts is not limited to a domain of expertise but extends to a broader category of large-scale landscape scenes. Furthermore, the experts' recognition accuracy remained relatively stable throughout the experimental conditions, illustrating the ability to use semantic information over strictly visual information in memory processes.

• Klíčová slova
• Aerial photographs, Expertise, Scene perception, Visual recognition memory,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fotografování metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odborná způsobilost * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The use of methamphetamine (MA) among pregnant women is an increasing world-wide health problem. Prenatal MA exposure may cause changes in foetus but the exact effects have remained unclear. The aim of this study is to present the effect of prenatal MA exposure on recognition memory in adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected daily with D-methamphetamine HCl (MA; 5 mg/kg, s.c.) during the entire gestation period. Control females were treated with saline in the same regime. Adult male offspring was administrated acutely by MA (1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline 30 minutes before beginning of an experiment. For testing recognition memory two tasks were chosen: Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Object Location Test (OLT). Our results demonstrate that prenatally MA-exposed animals were worse in NORT independently on an acute administration of MA in adulthood. Prenatally MA-exposed rats did not deteriorate in OLT, but after acute administration of MA in adulthood, there was significant worsening compared to appropriate control. Prenatally saline-exposed offspring did not deteriorate in any test even after acute administration of MA. Our data suggest that prenatal MA exposure in rats cause impairment in recognition memory in adult offspring, but not in spatial memory. In addition, acute administration of MA to controls did not deteriorate either recognition or spatial memory.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému toxicita   MeSH
• těhotenství u zvířat * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice chemicky indukované   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methamfetamin MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému MeSH

Recognition memory is the ability to recognize previously encountered objects. Even this relatively simple, yet extremely fast, ability requires the coordinated activity of large-scale brain networks. However, little is known about the sub-second dynamics of these networks. The majority of current studies into large-scale network dynamics is primarily based on imaging techniques suffering from either poor temporal or spatial resolution. We investigated the dynamics of large-scale functional brain networks underlying recognition memory at the millisecond scale. Specifically, we analyzed dynamic effective connectivity from intracranial electroencephalography while epileptic subjects (n = 18) performed a fast visual recognition memory task. Our data-driven investigation using Granger causality and the analysis of communities with the Louvain algorithm spotlighted a dynamic interplay of two large-scale networks associated with successful recognition. The first network involved the right visual ventral stream and bilateral frontal regions. It was characterized by early, predominantly bottom-up information flow peaking at 115 ms. It was followed by the involvement of another network with predominantly top-down connectivity peaking at 220 ms, mainly in the left anterior hemisphere. The transition between these two networks was associated with changes in network topology, evolving from a more segregated to a more integrated state. These results highlight that distinct large-scale brain networks involved in visual recognition memory unfold early and quickly, within the first 300 ms after stimulus onset. Our study extends the current understanding of the rapid network changes during rapid cognitive processes.

• Klíčová slova
• connectivity, dynamics, intracranial EEG, network, recognition memory,
• MeSH
• čelní lalok MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku * metody   MeSH
• mozek * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, has been recently approved for epileptic syndromes often associated with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the putative efficacy and mechanism of action of CBD in patients suffering from ASD and related comorbidities remain debated, especially because of the complex pharmacology of CBD. We used pharmacological, immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of CBD in the recently validated Fmr1-Δexon 8 rat model of ASD, that is also a model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading monogenic cause of autism. CBD rescued the cognitive deficits displayed by juvenile Fmr1-Δexon 8 animals, without inducing tolerance after repeated administration. Blockade of CA1 hippocampal GPR55 receptors prevented the beneficial effect of both CBD and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 in the short-term recognition memory deficits displayed by Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats. Thus, CBD may exert its beneficial effects through CA1 hippocampal GPR55 receptors. Docking analysis further confirmed that the mechanism of action of CBD might involve competition for brain fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) that deliver anandamide and related bioactive lipids to their catabolic enzyme FAAH. These findings demonstrate that CBD reduced cognitive deficits in a rat model of FXS and provide initial mechanistic insights into its therapeutic potential in neurodevelopmental disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Cannabidiol, Cognitive performance, Fatty acid amide hydrolase, Fragile X syndrome, GPR55 receptors,
• MeSH
• hipokampální oblast CA1 účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kanabidiol * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• protein FMRP metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• receptory kanabinoidní * metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory spřažené s G-proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) * účinky léků   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• syndrom fragilního X * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Fmr1 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• GPR55 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• kanabidiol * MeSH
• protein FMRP MeSH
• receptory kanabinoidní * MeSH
• receptory spřažené s G-proteiny MeSH

Memory for object-location was investigated by testing subjects with small unilateral thermolesions to the medial temporal lobe using small-scale 2D (Abstract) or large-scale 3D (Real) recall conditions. Four patients with lesions of the left hippocampus (LH), 10 patients with damage to the right hippocampus (RH) and 9 matched normal controls (NC) were tested. Six task levels were presented in a pseudorandom order. During each level, subjects viewed one to six different objects on the floor of a circular curtained arena 2.90 m in diameter for 10 s. Recall was tested by marking the locations of objects on a map of the arena (Abstract recall) and then by replacing the objects in the arena (Real recall). Two component errors were studied by calculating the Location Error (LE), independent of the object identity and the configuration error by finding the best match to the presented configuration. The RH group was impaired relative to the NC for nearly all combinations of recall and error types. An impairment was observed in this group even for one object and it deepened sharply with an increasing object number. Damage to the right perirhinal or parahippocampal cortices did not add to the impairment. Deficits in the LH group were also observed, but less consistently. The data indicate that spatial memory is strongly but not exclusively lateralised to the right medial temporal lobe.

• MeSH
• chronické poškození mozku diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dominance mozková fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrokoagulace * MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku chirurgie   MeSH
• hipokampus patofyziologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• orientace fyziologie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• přední temporální lobektomie * MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• rozpomínání fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The present study describes the effect of kynurenic (KYNA) and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic (DCKA) acids, acting as selective antagonists at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor complex, upon short-term memory of male rats. Oxiracetam (OXIR) or pramiracetam (PRAM) were used as reference compounds. In the social recognition test, adult animals were injected SC with a drug or vehicle immediately after the first exposure to a juvenile male, 21-24 days old, and reexposed to the same or a novel juvenile 120 min later. Time spent by adults in social investigation of juveniles was measured. Animals treated with KYNA or DCKA (0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg in both cases) and OXIR (30 and 60 mg/kg) had significantly reduced investigation time when reexposed to the same juvenile as compared to controls. No reduction of investigation time was found in those drugged animals reexposed to a novel juvenile. The findings suggest that KYNA and DCKA improved retention of memory for olfactory stimuli in adult male rats. In the object recognition test, the duration of exploration of two identical objects during the sample trial and the familiar and a new object during the choice trial, performed 60 min later, was evaluated. Drugs or vehicles were administered SC 30 min prior to the sample trial. On choice one, animals treated with KYNA or DCKA (0.6 and 30 mg/kg in both cases) and PRAM (30 mg/kg) spent more time in exploring a new object than the familiar one as compared to controls. This suggests that the drugged animals were able to remember the familiar object.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

• MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• habituace (psychofyziologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyselina kynurenová analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• sociální identifikace * MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• kyselina kynurenová MeSH

Hyaluronan (HA) is a core constituent of perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround subpopulations of neurones. The PNNs control synaptic stabilization in both the developing and adult central nervous system, and disruption of PNNs has shown to reactivate neuroplasticity. We investigated the possibility of memory prolongation by attenuating PNN formation using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis. Adult C57BL/6 mice were fed with chow containing 5% (w/w) 4-MU for 6 months, at a dose ~6.7 mg/g/day. The oral administration of 4-MU reduced the glycosaminoglycan level in the brain to 72% and the spinal cord to 50% when compared to the controls. Spontaneous object recognition test (SOR) performed at 2, 3, 6 and 7 months showed a significant increase in SOR score in the 6-months treatment group 24 h after object presentation. The effect however did not persist in the washout group (1-month post treatment). Immunohistochemistry confirmed a reduction of PNNs, with shorter and less arborization of aggrecan staining around dendrites in hippocampus after 6 months of 4-MU treatment. Histopathological examination revealed mild atrophy in articular cartilage but it did not affect the motor performance as demonstrated in rotarod test. In conclusion, systemic oral administration of 4-MU for 6 months reduced PNN formation around neurons and enhanced memory retention in mice. However, the memory enhancement was not sustained despite the reduction of PNNs, possibly due to the lack of memory enhancement training during the washout period. Our results suggest that 4-MU treatment might offer a strategy for PNN modulation in memory enhancement.

• Klíčová slova
• Extracellular matrix, Hyaluronan, Memory, Neuroplasticity, Perineuronal net,
• MeSH
• agrekany účinky léků   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• centrální nervový systém účinky léků   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix účinky léků   MeSH
• hymekromon aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina hyaluronová metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neuroplasticita účinky léků   MeSH
• oligodendroglie účinky léků   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• agrekany MeSH
• hymekromon MeSH
• kyselina hyaluronová MeSH

We developed two spatial tasks for rats employing computer monitor for stimuli presentation. Both tasks were aimed for testing rats' ability to recognize position of a distant object. In the first task the object was stationary except moments when it jumped from one position to another. In the second task it moved continuously across the screen. Rats were trained in an operant chamber located in front of the monitor. They responded to the object position by pressing a lever for food reward. Responses were reinforced when the object was displayed in a to-be-recognized position in the first task and when it was passing through a to-be-recognized region in the second task. The to-be-recognized position as well as the to-be-recognized region had to be determined with respect to surrounding orientation cues. Responding rate of well trained rats negatively depended on the distance between the object and the to-be-recognized position/region. In the first task this relationship was apparent during a short time after the object changed its position and it held even for newly presented unfamiliar positions of the object. We conclude that in both tasks the rats recognize position of the object by estimating distance between the object and the to-be-recognized position/region. We also analyzed contribution of timing behavior to the solution of the second task.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• operantní podmiňování * MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In the present study, the effect of the medial septal (MS) lesions on exploratory activity in the open field and the spatial and object recognition memory has been investigated. This experiment compares three types of MS lesions: electrolytic lesions that destroy cells and fibers of passage, neurotoxic - ibotenic acid lesions that spare fibers of passage but predominantly affect the septal noncholinergic neurons, and immunotoxin - 192 IgG-saporin infusions that only eliminate cholinergic neurons. The main results are: the MS electrolytic lesioned rats were impaired in habituating to the environment in the repeated spatial environment, but rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS did not differ from control ones; the MS electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesioned rats showed an increase in their exploratory activity to the objects and were impaired in habituating to the objects in the repeated spatial environment; rats with immunolesions of the MS did not differ from control rats; electrolytic lesions of the MS disrupt spatial recognition memory; rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS were normal in detecting spatial novelty; all of the MS-lesioned and control rats clearly reacted to the object novelty by exploring the new object more than familiar ones. Results observed across lesion techniques indicate that: (i) the deficits after nonselective damage of MS are limited to a subset of cognitive processes dependent on the hippocampus, (ii) MS is substantial for spatial, but not for object recognition memory - the object recognition memory can be supported outside the septohippocampal system; (iii) the selective loss of septohippocampal cholinergic or noncholinergic projections does not disrupt the function of the hippocampus to a sufficient extent to impair spatial recognition memory; (iv) there is dissociation between the two major components (cholinergic and noncholinergic) of the septohippocampal pathway in exploratory behavior assessed in the open field - the memory exhibited by decrements in exploration of repeated object presentations is affected by either electrolytic or ibotenic lesions, but not saporin.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• imunotoxiny toxicita   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• neurotoxiny toxicita   MeSH
• pátrací chování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• septální jádra účinky léků   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunotoxiny MeSH
• neurotoxiny MeSH

Prazosin, an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, is well known for its depressant effect on motivation and motor activity, while it has no effect on retention of spatial behavior in several tasks, e.g. in the Morris water maze and radial arm maze. The role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in operant tasks with stimulus-controlled behavior has not yet been tested. The present study investigated the effect of prazosin on the modulation of overall motor activity and on cognitive performance in a spatial operant task called object-position recognition task, where operant behavior (lever pressing) was controlled by spatial stimuli displayed on a computer screen. This task has been previously showed to be hippocampal-dependent. Pre-test injection of prazosin at the dose of 3 mg/kg decreased the responding rate, while it did not affect the recognition of object's position. In conclusion, we validated the new cognitive test with a drug with known pharmacological effects on behavior and confirmed the depressant effect of prazosin on motor activity and no effect on retrieval of spatial memory in the hippocampal-dependent operant task.

• MeSH
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté farmakologie   MeSH
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• operantní podmiňování účinky léků   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• prazosin farmakologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté MeSH
• alfa-1-adrenergní receptory MeSH
• prazosin MeSH