OBJECTIVE: This study examined longitudinal relations between maternal bonding and infant temperament in the first nine months after birth. DESIGN: Our sample consisted of 281 women, enrolled at five maternity hospitals, who completed questionnaires during the first week (T1), at six weeks (T2) and nine months postpartum (T3). Maternal bonding was assessed using the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale at T1 and T2 and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire at T3. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire, completed by the mothers at T2 and T3. RESULTS: The results of a path model showed a long-term effect flowing from the child to the mother, with infant temperament at T2 predicting maternal bonding at T3 over and above stability in bonding. At T3, bonding was linked more strongly to child temperament at T2 than to child temperament assessed concurrently at T3. Maternal bonding did predict infant temperament, but this was true only of bonding reported at T1 and infant temperament at T2, that is, not of bonding assessed at T2 and infant temperament at T3. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that maternal bonding in the first week postpartum may temporarily affect child temperament, but infant's temperament several weeks after birth - rather than several months postpartum - plays a pervasive role in shaping the long-lasting nature of the mother-child relationship. Our findings thus seem to support the suggestion that the early postpartum weeks represent an important period in the development of maternal bonding.

• Klíčová slova
• Infancy, Infant’s temperament, Maternal bonding, Parenting,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• matky psychologie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poporodní období fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• temperament fyziologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This review study was conducted to describe how temperament is related to school readiness. The basic research question was whether there is any relationship between later school success and temperament in children and, if so, what characterizes it. A systematic search of databases and journals identified 27 papers that met the two criteria: temperament and school readiness. The analytical strategy followed the PRISMA method. The research confirmed the direct relationship between temperament and school readiness. There is a statistically significant relationship between temperament and school readiness. Both positive and negative emotionality influence behavior (especially concentration), which is reflected in the approach to learning and school success.

• Klíčová slova
• effortful control, preschool age, school readiness, school success, self-control, temperament,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.

• MeSH
• behaviorální genetika MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• psychologické modely MeSH
• psychologické testy MeSH
• rozvoj osobnosti * MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Španělsko MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH
• Turecko MeSH

We applied the temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality questionnaire in 41 inpatients dependent on metamphetamine, and 35 controls. Novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence were significantly higher, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy volunteers. The detected differences may be important for prevention and treatment.

• MeSH
• charakter * MeSH
• Diagnostický a statistický manuál mentálních poruch MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník * MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním amfetaminu diagnóza   epidemiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Children's olfactory performance is associated with temperament but whether there is a link with olfactory reactivity and awareness is not known. In adults negative affectivity is linked to reactivity to environmental odours but it is not clear whether these associations extend to children. We aimed to investigate the effect of temperamental factors on olfactory reactivity and awareness. In so doing, we controlled for the effect of parenting styles on temperamental assessment and of verbal fluency on children's olfactory reactivity and awareness. We hypothesised that children with a high degree of negative affectivity would show greater olfactory reactivity and awareness. 129 children (62 boys, mean age 6.83 ± 0.40 years) were interviewed about their olfactory reactivity and awareness in everyday life using the established Children's Olfactory Behavior in Everyday Life questionnaire (COBEL). Parents assessed their child's temperament using the 94-item short form of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. We found that the relationship between negative affectivity and total COBEL scores varied between the genders: there was a positive, medium to large effect in boys and a negative, small one in girls. Future studies could include behavioural observations of temperament and olfactory reactivity and awareness.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• chování dětí MeSH
• čich MeSH
• čichová percepce * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• uvědomování si * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Cesarean section (CS) rates are rising rapidly around the world but no conclusive evidence has been obtained about the possible short- and long-term effects of CS on child behavior. We evaluated prospectively the association between CS and infant temperament across the first 9 postpartum months, controlling for indications for CS and investigating parity and infant sex as moderators. METHODS: The sample consisted of mothers and their healthy infants. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire completed by the mothers at 6 weeks (n = 452) and 9 months (n = 258) postpartum. Mode of birth was classified into spontaneous vaginal birth (n = 347 for 6 weeks sample; 197 for 9 months sample), CS planned for medical reasons (n = 55; 28) and emergency CS (n = 50; 33). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed no main effects of birth mode, but showed a significant interaction between birth mode and parity indicating that emergency CS in firstborn infants was associated with more difficult temperament at 6 weeks. There were no significant associations between indications for CS and infant temperament, although breech presentation predicted difficult temperament at 9 months. CONCLUSION: We largely failed to support the association between CS and infant temperament. Although our results suggest that emergency CS may be associated with temperament in firstborns, further research is needed to replicate this finding, preferably using observational measures to assess child temperament.

• MeSH
• císařský řez statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• matky psychologie   MeSH
• parita MeSH
• poloha plodu koncem pánevním epidemiologie   MeSH
• poporodní období MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Large herbivores are subject to handling and social stress in captivity. These may affect blood biochemical values, which motivated this research. Twelve healthy common eland (Taurotragus oryx) were monitored for 12 months. The animals were handled monthly, and blood samples were collected. Samples from every second month were analysed for 14 blood biochemical parameters. Temperament throughout the handling, as the summation of various behavioural responses, was calculated as a proxy of the stress generated during handling. Social behaviour was recorded each month, and the agonistic interactions were used to calculate the social rank, which was considered a proxy of social stress. Generalised Linear Mixed Models were designed to test the effects of temperament and social rank on the blood biochemical parameters while keeping sex, age, body condition, and body weight as covariates. The results show that the temperament during handling influences blood levels of albumin, alkaline phosphate, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, total bilirubin, and total protein; however, social rank has little influence, affecting just albumin. The ranges observed in the values of these biochemical parameters were still within their reference intervals, implying the absence of pathology or physiological problems during the study. The results suggest that blood biochemical values of physically restrained common eland should be carefully interpreted, even in animals already habituated to routine handling. On the contrary, social rank has low effects on the blood biochemical parameters.

• Klíčová slova
• Domestication, Physical restraining, Routine handling, Social rank, Welfare,
• MeSH
• antilopy krev   fyziologie   MeSH
• biochemická analýza krve veterinární   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• handling (psychologie) MeSH
• psychický stres krev   MeSH
• sociální dominance MeSH
• temperament * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Variance in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity is considered to be one of the sources of differences in infant temperament. The cortisol enters into interactions with dopamine and serotonin, so it is expected that polymorphisms in genes coding monoamine metabolism influence both HPA axis reactivity and temperament. METHODS: We therefore explore the relationship among 5-HTTLPR S/L, MAOA H/L, and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms, the stress reaction of newborn infants after a heel stick blood draw (measured by determining salivary cortisol at three time points), and temperament assessed at the age of 3 months using Rothbart's Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) with a sample of 84 infants. RESULTS: The decrease in the salivary cortisol correlated with nine primary scales and all three secondary scales of IBQ-R. Children with a greater cortisol decrease were assessed as less susceptible to negative emotions, more extraverted, and more regulated. The polymorphisms that were observed were related both to the course of the stress reaction and to temperament. The 5-HTTLPR S allele was connected to higher scores for Negative Emotionality and lower scores for Orienting/Regulatory Capacity. The presence of the MAOA L allele predisposed its carriers to higher scores for Negative Emotionality, lower scores for Orienting/Regulatory Capacity, and a lower decrease in cortisol. The Met allele of COMT Val158Met polymorphism was connected to a higher Positive Affectivity/Surgency and Orienting/Regulatory Capacity and a greater cortisol decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous studies referring mainly basal cortisol and its increase, the results of our study emphasize the importance of cortisol elimination in infant temperament. Another interesting finding was a higher cortisol increase, higher Distress to Limitations, Negative Emotionality, and Approach in MAOA LL homozygotes which are traditionally understood as more vulnerable toward early stress in developing later externalizing behavior.

• Klíčová slova
• 5-HTTLPR, COMT, HPA axis reactivity, MAOA, gene polymorphisms, infant temperament,
• MeSH
• chování kojenců fyziologie   MeSH
• hydrokortison metabolismus   MeSH
• katechol-O-methyltransferasa genetika   MeSH
• kojenec * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny pro serotonin genetika   MeSH
• monoaminoxidasa genetika   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza metabolismus   MeSH
• temperament fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• COMT protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• hydrokortison MeSH
• katechol-O-methyltransferasa MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny pro serotonin MeSH
• monoamine oxidase A, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• monoaminoxidasa MeSH
• SLC6A4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Using the NICHD Early Childcare dataset (N=1281), this study examined whether infant temperament and the amount of time infants spend in nonmaternal care independently predict (1) the likelihood that they seek comfort from their mother when needed and (2) placement in a particular subgroup of infant-mother attachment patterns. Mothers reported the number of hours their infant spent in nonmaternal care each month and their infant's difficulty adapting to novel stimuli at 6 months. The degree to which 15-month-old infants seek comfort from their mother during reunion episodes in the Strange Situation was observed using two behavioral scales ("proximity seeking" and "contact maintaining"). Their average score forms the outcome variable of "proximity-seeking behavior." The other outcome variables were the subgroups of infant-mother attachment patterns: two subgroups for insecure babies (resistant and avoidant) and four subgroups for secure babies (B1, B2, B3, and B4). Easy adaptability to novel stimuli and long hours of nonmaternal care independently predicted a low level of proximity-seeking behavior. These predictors also increased the likelihood of an insecure infant being classified as avoidant (vs. resistant). A secure infant with these same predictors was most likely to be classified as B1, followed by B2, and then B3, with B4 being the least likely classification. Although previous studies using the NICHD dataset found that hours of nonmaternal care had no main effect on infants' attachment security (vs. insecurity), this study demonstrates that hours of nonmaternal care predict the subcategories of infant-mother attachment.

• Klíčová slova
• Attachment, Nonmaternal care, Proximity-seeking behavior, Temperament, The Strange Situation,
• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• chování kojenců psychologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• péče o kojence psychologie   MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We explore psychometric characteristics of a modified version of the Cloninger's personality questionnaire, the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) in a 200-subject sample. This sample was stratified in accordance with the Czech population. We performed principal component analyses and explored the factorial structure of the questionnaire, to establish internal consistency of each dimension. The factorial structure of the TCI-R was well defined for temperament, but not for character. A robust factor was obtained for Persistence. All dimensions obtained higher alpha Cronbach coefficients with the TCI-R than with the TCI. There were high reliability coefficients in test-retest for TCI-R and lower for TCI/TCI-R were found. Significant correlations were obtained between age and NS, RD and SD. The TCI-R seems to have similar psychometric characteristics to TCI, with significant improvements in temperament factor structure and internal consistency of most dimensions.

• MeSH
• charakter * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychometrie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• temperament * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH