The author emphasizes the fact that diabetics are also in the Czech Republic a group with a high risk of infection with viral hepatitis type B (VHB), i. e. in diabetics a higher prevalence of acute VHB is found, a higher prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs, and in diabetics chronic sequelae acute hepatitis are more frequent. The author recommends active immunization against VHB and to focus attention on the group most at risk, i. e. to examine in the Czech Republic all diabetics treated with insulin for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs and to immunize subsequently against VHB negative subjects from this group.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• hepatitida B komplikace   MeSH
• komplikace diabetu * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the etiological agent behind hepatitis E infection. Domestic pigs and wild boars are the main animal reservoirs of HEV. Very few papers describe HEV infection in goats and sheep. As the data pertaining to the presence of HEV virus in the milk of small ruminants in Europe are lacking, the aim of this paper was to examine a representative number of milk samples from these animals. The detection of HEV genome (HEV RNA) was performed using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). HEV RNA was found in 2.8% of the examined samples. Positivity ranged from 101 to 103 genome equivalents/mL (GE/mL) with a median of 9.99 × 102 GE/mL. On the basis of these results, the milk of small ruminants could represent a source of HEV infection to consumers.

• Klíčová slova
• HEV, RT-qPCR, milk, small ruminant,
• MeSH
• hepatitida E veterinární   MeSH
• kozy virologie   MeSH
• mléko virologie   MeSH
• nemoci zvířat diagnóza   virologie   MeSH
• ovce virologie   MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA virová MeSH

BACKGROUND: An increasing incidence of endemic hepatitis E (HE) has been reported in developed countries. Thus, an evaluation of the clinical characteristics of the disease and the utility of the current diagnostic methods is warranted. METHODS: Fifty-one adult acute patients with HE hospitalized in a single center between the years 2009 and 2012 were evaluated. Serological and molecular techniques (detection of hepatitis E virus [HEV] RNA from stool and serum samples by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used for diagnosis, and the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological parameters of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-nine (96.1%) patients had acute endemic HE and 2 (3.9%) had an imported infection. In the cohort of patients with acute symptomatic HE (n = 47), men outnumbered women (40:7), the patients were in older middle age (mean, 60.57 years), and they had elevated median values of total bilirubin (6.67 mg/dL), alanine aminotransferase (2288.82 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (1251.76 U/L), gamma-glutamyl transferase (360.53 U/L), and alkaline phosphatase (197.06 U/L). Serology was positive in 50 (98%) of the patients, and 1 case was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction only. HEV RNA was detected in at least 1 specimen from 84.3% of the patients, and 28 of 29 tested isolates belonged to genotype 3. The eating of meat, innards, other home-prepared pork products, or the tasting of raw meat before cooking were the most frequently reported data (reported by 25 patients [49.0%]). CONCLUSIONS: Large numbers of the endemic cases of HE were caused by HEV genotype 3, and the clinical characteristics of endemic HE were demonstrated.

• Klíčová slova
• clinical findings, endemic cases, hepatitis E, zoonosis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• endemické nemoci * MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hepatitida - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida E epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunoenzymatické techniky MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• RNA virová genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sérum virologie   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida - protilátky MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently become endemic in Europe, however, it is often a remnant neglected by clinicians as the causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis and is often misdiagnosed as a drug-induced liver injury. The infection rate in European pig farms is estimated to be around 15-20%, therefore, the primary source of HEV infections might be poorly prepared pork meat. As HEV infections may occur more often in clinical practice than previously thought, the present paper aims to analyse the seroprevalence of HEV in patients with acute hepatitis over a period of 14 years in Csongrád County, Hungary. METHODS: The sera of 4,270 hepatitis patients collected between 2004-2018 were tested for cumulative anti-HEV IgG/IgM. Furthermore, 170 IgM positive sera were tested for the presence of viral RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Between 2012-2018, the cumulative seroprevalence has increased 9.18 times, and between 2013-2018, IgM prevalence has increased 12.49 times. Viral RNA was detectable in 12.35% of IgM positive sera. CONCLUSION: The present paper presents data showing that the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus has increased markedly over the course of the last decade in Hungary and in other European countries as well. The exact reason behind this phenomenon is yet to be determined. To assess the dynamics and the reason for this increase in prevalence, pan-European, multicentre studies should be conducted.

• Klíčová slova
• hepatitis E virus, molecular detection, serology, seroprevalence,
• MeSH
• hepatitida E * MeSH
• imunoglobulin M MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin M MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH

• MeSH
• aldolasa krev   MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa krev   MeSH
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy krev   MeSH
• hepatitida A enzymologie   MeSH
• játra enzymologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši MeSH
• transaminasy krev   MeSH
• virus myší hepatitidy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldolasa MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa MeSH
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• transaminasy MeSH

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is a rapidly progressive, sometimes fatal form of hepatitis B or C in patients who are under immunosuppressive treatment. This condition was originally described in hepatitis B virus-infected recipients after a liver transplantation. It is characterized clinically by cholestatic hepatic dysfunction, and pathologically by marked hepatocyte swelling, cholestasis, periportal peritrabecular fibrosis, and only mild inflammation. Here we present 8 patients with hepatitis B and C related FCH. Three patients developed FCH after liver transplantation, two of them died due to hepatic failure. One recipient of a kidney/pancreas transplant developed "de novo" hepatitis C with features of FCH. He underwent antiviral treatment and survived with good liver function, unfortunately both of his grafts failed. Four patients suffered from a reactivation of their respective hepatitis B infections after chemotherapy treated hematological malignancy. Three of them needed an urgent liver transplantation and survived with good liver function and with a remission of their hematological diseases. The last patient died due to liver failure. Although FCH is a rare variant of viral hepatitis, it should be emphasized that prompt diagnosis is important for the management of patients.

• MeSH
• cholestáza etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• hepatitida B komplikace   MeSH
• hepatitida C komplikace   MeSH
• jaterní cirhóza etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• játra patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• transplantace jater škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Five different hybridoma clones secreting anti-HBeAg antibody were constructed by fusing cells of mouse myeloma line SP2/0 with splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant HBeAg. The monoclonal antibodies obtained were characterized immunologically and one was used to develop ELISA for detection of HBeAg and anti-HBeAg antibody. These monoclonal assays enabled the detection of 3 U HBeAg/ml and 1 U anti-HBeAg/ml with reference to standards of the Paul Ehrlich Institute, Frankfurt, F.R.G. Both assays compared well with a commercially available kit (Abbott Laboratory) and were used for detection of HBeAg and anti-HBeAg antibody in clinical serum samples.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny e imunologie   MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové imunologie   MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky analýza   MeSH
• hepatitida B diagnóza   MeSH
• hybridomy imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky imunologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy B imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida B - antigeny e MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is not notifiable at EU/EEA level, therefore surveillance relies on national policies only. Between 2005 and 2015, more than 20,000 cases were reported in EU/EEA countries. HEV testing is established in 26 countries and 19 countries sequence HEV viruses. OBJECTIVE AND STUDY DESIGN: WHO's European Action plan for viral hepatitis recommends harmonised surveillance objectives and case definitions. ECDC's HEV expert group developed minimal and optimal criteria for national hepatitis E surveillance to support EU/EEA countries in enhancing their capacity and to harmonise methods. RESULTS: The experts agreed that the primary objectives of national surveillance for HEV infections should focus on the basic epidemiology of the disease: to monitor the incidence of acute cases and chronic infections. The secondary objectives should be to describe viral phylotypes or subtypes and to identify potential clusters/outbreaks and possible routes of transmission. Seventeen of 20 countries with existing surveillance systems collect the minimal data set required to describe the epidemiology of acute cases. Eleven countries test for chronic infections. Twelve countries collect data to identify potential clusters/outbreaks and information on possible routes of transmission. DISCUSSION: Overall, the majority of EU/EEA countries collect the suggested data and meet the outlined requirements to confirm an acute case.

• Klíčová slova
• EU/EEA, Hepatitis E virus, Surveillance, Testing,
• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• hepatitida E diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• RNA virová analýza   MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E genetika   MeSH
• vládní programy normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA virová MeSH

• MeSH
• hepatitida A diagnóza   MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny e analýza   MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové analýza   MeSH
• hepatitida B diagnóza   MeSH
• hepatitida C diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza * MeSH
• virová hepatitida u lidí diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida B - antigeny e MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové MeSH

To determine the origin of hepatitis E virus in the Czech Republic, we analyzed patient clinical samples. Five isolates of genotypes 3e, 3f, and 3g were obtained. Their genetic relatedness with Czech strains from domestic pigs and wild boars and patient recollections suggest an autochthonous source likely linked to consumption of contaminated pork.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hepatitida E virologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce genetika   MeSH
• RNA virová genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA virová MeSH