OBJECTIVES: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the two leading viruses that cause the greatest number of virus-related morbidities in the world. HIV/HBV coinfection is correlated with high morbidity and mortality. For this particular reason hepatitis B vaccination is crucial for people living with HIV. METHODS: Patients who are being followed-up for HIV/AIDS and who have received a hepatitis B vaccine in 4 HIV clinics over a 5-year time period have been studied. Our multi-centered, retrospective, cross-sectional and observational study investigates factors that affect hepatitis B vaccination immune response of individuals living with HIV. The patients have been studied for the parameters such as age, sex, CD4 count at the time of diagnosis or vaccination, HIV-RNA levels, comorbidities, vaccine dosage, success of immunization after vaccination, and the demographics of the patients who have and have not developed immunity. RESULTS: Of 645 patients that are being followed-up in our clinics, 158 received hepatitis B vaccine; 39 of these 158 patients have been excluded from the study because they did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. Finally, 119 patients were evaluated in the study, 17 of the patients (14.3%) were females and 102 (85.7%) were males. The median age was 41.11 ± 10.09 (min-max: 18-75). Twenty-three of the patients (19.3%) were at the stage of AIDS during diagnosis while 80.7% were at the stage of HIV infection. Ninety-one of the patients (76.5%) have been administered a single dose hepatitis B vaccine on the standard 0, 1st, 6th month vaccination schedule, whereas 23.5% were administered a double dose on the same vaccination schedule. When further evaluated to find whether the patient was able to develop sufficient immunity (anti-HBs ≥ 10), it was found that the immune response was statistically significantly higher in the patients whose CD4 count was greater than 200 at the time of the first diagnosis and vaccination (p = 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). The patients have also been evaluated according to the number of doses they received (1 vs. 2). The immune response of the patients who received two doses was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that in the patients with CD4 count less than 200 at the time of their diagnosis and vaccination a high dose recombinant hepatitis B vaccine should definitely be administered as the normal dose and higher dose have similar side effect profiles and the higher dose provides greater immunity.

• Klíčová slova
• HIV/AIDS, Turkey, hepatitis B vaccine, vaccination,
• MeSH
• AIDS * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky MeSH
• hepatitida B * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• HIV infekce * MeSH
• HIV MeSH
• imunizace MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• vakcína proti hepatitidě B MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• virus hepatitidy B MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida B - protilátky MeSH
• vakcína proti hepatitidě B MeSH

INTRODUCTION: hepatitis C is a public health problem worldwide, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and associated factors during a voluntary general population screening program in Benin. METHOD: we conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study in 4 big cities of 4 different departments in Benin in July 2016. All volunteers of all ages, residing in these targeted cities, who gave their informed consent were included in the study. ImuMed HCV Rapid Diagnostic Test (Healgen Scientific LLC, USA) was used. Logistic regression analysis was also used to identify factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection. RESULTS: a total of 2809 volunteers with an average age of 25.9 ± 16.5 years (ranging from 0 to 86 years) were included in the study; 53.9% (1514/2809) of them were men and 46.1% (1295/2809) were women. More than half of the study population consisted of single (59.1%; 1612/2726); 41.3% (1074/2809) were pupils or students. VHC Seroprevalence was 1.5% (42/2809). In multivariate analysis, the variables significantly associated with anti-HCV carriage were: be 60 years old and older (aOR: 46.9, 95% CI 10.2-216.0; p<0.0001) and a history of alcoholism (aOR: 6.3; 95% CI 95% 3.3-12.1; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: in the general population, the seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 1.5%. HCV infection mainly occurred in people aged 60 years and older and in those with a history of alcoholism.

INTRODUCTION: l´hépatite C est un problème de santé publique dans le monde, et plus particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne. L´objectif de ce travail était de déterminer la séroprévalence des anticorps anti-virus de l´hépatite C ainsi que les facteurs associés, à l´occasion d´un dépistage volontaire en population générale au Bénin. MÉTHODES: il s´agissait d´une étude transversale descriptive et analytique qui s´était déroulée en juillet 2016 dans 4 grandes villes de 4 différents départements du Bénin. Etaient inclus tous les volontaires résidents dans ces villes ciblées, de tous âges, ayant donné leur consentement éclairé. Pour cette recherche, le test de diagnostic rapide HCV ImuMed (Healgen Scientific LLC, USA) avait été utilisé. Une analyse par régression logistique avait été utilisée afin d´identifier les facteurs associés à l´infection par le virus de l´hépatite C. RÉSULTATS: au total, 2809 volontaires étaient inclus avec une moyenne d´âge de 25,9± 16,5 ans (les extrêmes: 0 et 86 ans), constitués de 53,9% (1514/2809) d´hommes et de 46,1% (1295/2809) de femmes. Plus de la moitié de la population d´étude était constituée de célibataires 59,1% (1612/2726). Il s´agissait principalement de 41,3% (1074/2809) d´élèves ou étudiants. La séroprévalence du VHC était de 1,5% (42/2809). En analyse multivariée, les variables significativement associées au portage des anti-VHC étaient: l´âge de 60 ans et plus (aOR: 46,9, IC 95% 10,2-216,0; p < 0,0001) et l´antécédent d´alcoolisme (aOR: 6,3, IC 95% 3,3-12,1; p < 0,0001). CONCLUSION: la séroprévalence des anticorps anti-VHC était de 1,5% dans la population étudiée. L´infection par le VHC touchait volontiers les sujets âgés (de 60 ans et plus) et ceux ayant un antécédent d´alcoolisme.

• Klíčová slova
• Benin, Hepatitis C virus, associated factors, prevalence,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hepatitida C - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida C diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• plošný screening metody   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Benin epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida C - protilátky MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis E infection is one of the most frequent acute hepatitis in the world. Currently five human genotypes with different geographical distributions and distinct epidemiologic patterns are identified. In Slovakia, only rare cases of hepatitis E have been reported in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HEV total antibodies and the main risk factors for HEV in the general population in Eastern Slovakia. METHODS: Detection of anti-HEV total antibodies samples was done by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS: Of 175 hospitalized patients included in the study, 76 (43.5%) showed positivity for anti-HEV total antibodies. No statistically significant differences were found in anti-HEV positivity between men and women or in the groups of different living areas (town/village - urban/rural). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of anti-HEV total antibodies of hospitalised patients was high. The risk factor significantly associated with antibody positivity was eating raw meat. Other factors, such as sex, age, living area and contact with animals were not associated with antibody positivity.

• Klíčová slova
• Slovakia, hepatitis E, hospitalized patients, seroprevalence,
• MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• hepatitida - protilátky izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hepatitida E epidemiologie   MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida - protilátky MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a pilot study to assess the prevalence of blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in a social-ly excluded Roma community engaging in risky behaviours in Brno, Czech Republic. METHODS: Fifty subjects engaging in risky behaviours, of whom 35 self-reported to belong to the Roma ethnicity, were recruited while receiving treatment in a newly established addiction centre in Brno between March and December 2017. All subjects were tested for blood-borne diseases and STDs. Epidemiological and demographic data were collected by means of assisted interview at the time of the first contact. RESULTS: Forty-three (86%) of 50 participants were anti-HCV positive. Of 35 subjects from the Roma subgroup, 32 (91.5%) tested anti-HCV positive. Among the 43 anti-HCV positive subjects, 35 (81.4%) also showed HCV RNA positivity. Of the 32 anti-HCV positive in the Roma subgroup, 26 (81.3%) were HCV RNA PCR positive. Only HCV (hepatitis C virus) genotypes 1 (a,b) and 3 were detected in the study group. Nine Roma subjects (25.9%)were newly diagnosed with syphilis of which none of them was aware. All study patients were negative for anti-HIV 1,2. CONCLUSION: As a proof of concept, this pilot study showed the importance of targeting epidemiological research and preventive care at excluded communities engaging in risky behaviours. The high anti-HCV seroprevalence in the Roma population in Brno who self-admitted intravenous drug use as well as the nine newly diagnosed cases of syphilis illustrate not only a high prevalence of risky behaviours in this excluded community but also the absence of systematic health care coverage in this population. A positive point is that when an appropriate model of care is used, even the Roma clients are willing and able to comply with the therapy. This is true of both viral hepatitis C and syphilis: thanks to close cooperation with addictology services and opiate substitution treatment, all nine patients successfully completed 2 weeks of anti-treponemal antibiotic treatment. More systematic work with socially excluded communities including specific models of care tailored to the needs of poorly compliant patients is an essential prerequisite for controlling HCV epidemics in the Czech Republic. An additional effect in the surveillance of other infectious diseases linked to risky behaviours can be considered as an added value.

• Klíčová slova
• Brno, Czech Republic, HCV, PWID, Roma, Viral hepatitis C, infectious diseases,
• MeSH
• hepatitida - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida C * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Romové * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• zdravotně rizikové chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida - protilátky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Vertical hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission and persistence of anti-HCV antibodies were retrospectively investigated since 1999 in a group of 244 children whose mothers had a history of hepatitis C. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Initial examinations performed in most children at 6 months of age included the determination of anti-HCV antibodies, HCV nucleic acid (HCV RNA), and anti-HIV antibodies, with all children being negative for HIV. Further examinations with investigation of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were performed at half-year intervals until the disappearance of anti-HCV antibodies. Vertical HCV transmission was defined by HCV RNA positivity in at least 2 venous blood samples or at least two positive anti-HCV results in a child over 3 years of age. RESULTS: Vertical HCV transmission was detected in 11 out of 244 children (4.5%). Only 2 children spontaneously cleared HCV; positive anti-HCV antibodies were last detected when they were 8 years old. Chronic hepatitis C developed in 9 children, four of whom were infected with genotype 1b, 3 children with genotype 3a, one with genotype 1a, and the last one with genotypes 1a and 4. Antiviral treatment including conventional or pegylated interferon, or ribavirin, was administered to 3 children, with sustained elimination of the virus in 2 children. Although the proportion of children with positive anti-HCV antibodies declined gradually, anti-HCV positivity was reported in 6 uninfected children at 18 months of age but in none of them at the age of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Vertical transmission of HCV was found in 11 out of 244 children; chronic hepatitis C was detected in 9 children; uninfected children cleared anti-HCV antibodies by 2 years of age.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Hepacivirus * genetika   MeSH
• hepatitida C - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida C * epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• vertikální přenos infekce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida C - protilátky MeSH

The new recommendations reflect the increase in knowledge that has been reported since the release of previous Czech guidelines in September 2014. The basis for these guidelines were the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines from April 2017. According to qualified estimates, there are 240 million people with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection worldwide. The Czech Republic is among the countries with a low prevalence of HBV infection. According to the latest seroprevalence study, 0.56 % of the Czech citizens were chronically infected with HBV in 2001. A similar study conducted in only two regions of the Czech Republic in 2013 showed a prevalence of only 0.064 %. HBV infection can lead to serious life-threatening liver damage - fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The main goals of treatment are to prolong the length of life and improve its quality by preventing the progression of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis, cirrhosis decompensation and development of HCC. The goals may be achieved if HBV replication is suppressed in a sustained manner. Additional goals are prevention of vertical transmission from mother to newborn, inhibition of HBV reactivation and therapy of HBV-related extrahepatic manifestations. Generally, there are two different strategies of chronic hepatitis B therapy available - treatment with nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors (NIs) or with pegylated interferon alfa. Currently, the vast majority of Czech and European patients are treated with NIs. The NIs that have been approved for HBV treatment in the European Union include lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir (ETV), telbivudin (TBV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). TAF and TBV have not yet been marketed in the Czech Republic. The main advantages of treatment with potent NIs with a high barrier to resistance (ETV, TDF, TAF) are their predictable high long-term antiviral efficacy leading to undetectable HBV DNA levels in the vast majority of compliant patients as well as their favorable safety profiles. These drugs can be used in any HBV infected patient and represent the only treatment option for patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplants, extrahepatic HBV-related manifestations, severe acute hepatitis B or chronic HBV reactivation.

• MeSH
• antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida B diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antivirové látky MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is endemic in Eastern European and Balkan region countries. In 2012, Bulgaria showed the highest rate (67.13 cases per 100,000) in Europe. Nevertheless, HAV genotypes and strains circulating in this country have never been described. The present study reports the molecular characterization of HAV from 105 patients from Bulgaria. METHODS: Anti-HAV IgM positive serum samples collected in 2012-2014 from different towns and villages in Bulgaria were analysed by nested RT-PCR, sequencing of the VP1/2A region and phylogenetic analysis; the results were analysed together with patient and geographical data. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis revealed two main sequence groups corresponding to the IA (78/105, 74%) and IB (27/105, 26%) sub-genotypes. In the IA group, a major and a minor cluster were observed (62 and 16 sequences, respectively). Most sequences from the major cluster (44/62, 71%) belonged to either of two strains, termed "strain 1" and "strain 2", differing only for a single specific nucleotide; the remaining sequences (18/62, 29%) showed few (1 to 4) nucleotide variations respect to strain 1 and 2. Strain 2 is identical to the strain previously responsible for an outbreak in the Czech Republic in 2008 and a large multi-country European outbreak caused by contaminated mixed frozen berries in 2013. Most sequences of the IA minor cluster and the IB group were detected in large/medium centers (LMCs). Overall, sequences from the IA major cluster were more frequent in small centers (SCs), but strain 1 and strain 2 showed an opposite relative frequency in SCs and LMCs (strain 1 more frequent in SCs, strain 2 in LMCs). CONCLUSIONS: Genotype IA predominated in Bulgaria in 2012-2014 and phylogenetic analysis identified a major cluster of highly related or identical IA sequences, representing 59% of the analysed cases; these isolates were mostly detected in SCs, in which HAV shows higher endemicity than in LMCs. The distribution of viral sequences suggests the existence of some differences between the transmission routes in SCs and LMCs. Molecular characterization of an increased number of isolates from Bulgaria, regularly collected over time, will be useful to explore specific transmission routes and plan appropriate preventing measures.

• Klíčová slova
• Bulgaria, HAV, Hepatitis, Hepatitis a virus, Phylogenetic analysis, Sequencing,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hepatitida A - protilátky krev   MeSH
• hepatitida A epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• virus hepatitidy A genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bulharsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida A - protilátky MeSH

Chronic hepatitis C is curable disease. Low detection rate could be one of the reasons of poor treatment uptake. It is important to identify HCV prevalence and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients in population by effective screening strategy such as risk-based or birth cohort screening programs. There are no national population-based estimates of the HCV prevalence in the Czech Republic (CZ). The most recent seroprevalence survey determined a prevalence of positive anti-HCV antibodies of 0.2% (in 2001). The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of HCV, HCV viraemia and HCV genotype in the CZ adult population. We also estimated the number of persons living with chronic hepatitis C in CZ. The examined group included 3000 adults, 18-90 years of age enrolled in 2015. All serum samples were examined to determined anti-HCV antibodies positivity, HCV-RNA positivity and genotypes. Of the 3000 samples, 50 were found to be anti-HCV-positive, for a seroprevalence of 1.67% (2.39% in males, 0.98% in females). The overall prevalence of positive HCV RNA was 0.93%: 1.5% in males, 0.39% in females. HCV genotype (GT) 1a was determined in 25%, GT 1b in 25% and GT 3a in 46%. Since 2001, the HCV seroprevalence has increased 8-fold. The highest HCV seroprevalence occurred in males aged 30-44 years. We can estimate that there are more than 140,000 people with HCV antibodies and more than 80,000 people with chronic hepatitis C living in the CZ. The introduction of birth cohort HCV screening could be beneficial for the country.

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida C epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Hepacivirus genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• hepatitida C - protilátky krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• RNA virová genetika   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• viremie epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida C - protilátky MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH

A biosensor for the detection of hepatitis B antibodies in clinical saliva was developed. Compared to conventional analysis of blood serum, it offers the advantage of noninvasive collection of samples. Detection of biomarkers in saliva imposes two major challenges associated with the low analyte concentration and increased surface fouling. The detection of minute amounts of hepatitis B antibodies was performed by plasmonically amplified fluorescence sandwich immunoassay. To have access to specific detection, we prevented the nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules present in saliva by brushes of poly[(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide)-co-(carboxybetaine methacrylamide)] grafted from the gold sensor surface and post modified with hepatitis B surface antigen. Obtained results were validated against the response measured with ELISA at a certified laboratory using serum from the same patients.

• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• fluorescenční spektrometrie MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky analýza   krev   imunologie   MeSH
• imobilizované proteiny chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• imunoanalýza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
• sliny metabolismus   MeSH
• zlato chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• hepatitida B - antigeny povrchové MeSH
• hepatitida B - protilátky MeSH
• imobilizované proteiny MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• zlato MeSH

Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) are very common. The most common of these is mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Anti-HCV antibodies and viral ribonucleic acid, HCV RNA, can be found in the cryoprecipitates, together with the rheumatoid factor. Cryoglobulins consist of a complex of immunoglobulins that in vitro precipitate upon the cooling bellow the human body temperature. Vasculitis is caused by the deposition of such immune complexes in the small blood vessels. A link with the HCV infection is considered to be established with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lymphoproliferative disorders (in particular B cell lymphoma), Sjögren and sicca syndrome, lichen planus, porfyria cutanea tarda and diabetes mellitus. Very probable is the relationship of chronic HCV infection and thyroid disease, arthralgias, otherwise unexplained fatigue and autoimmune hepatitis.Key words: direct acting antivirals - extrahepatic manifestations - chronic hepatitis C - mixed cryoglobulinaemia.

• MeSH
• artralgie etiologie   MeSH
• B-buněčný lymfom etiologie   MeSH
• chronická hepatitida C komplikace   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus etiologie   MeSH
• Hepacivirus genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• hepatitida - protilátky imunologie   MeSH
• imunokomplex imunologie   MeSH
• kožní leukocytoklastická vaskulitida etiologie   MeSH
• kryoglobulinemie etiologie   imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• lichen planus etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfoproliferativní nemoci etiologie   MeSH
• membranoproliferativní glomerulonefritida etiologie   MeSH
• nemoci štítné žlázy etiologie   MeSH
• porphyria cutanea tarda etiologie   MeSH
• revmatoidní faktor imunologie   MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• Sjögrenův syndrom etiologie   MeSH
• únava etiologie   MeSH
• vaskulitida etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatitida - protilátky MeSH
• imunokomplex MeSH
• revmatoidní faktor MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH