The vast majority of invasive breast tumors are ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. Despite the many similarities, some clinical follow-up data and the patterns of metastases suggest that these histological subtypes of breast cancer are biologically distinct. Few papers, however, describe immunohistochemical markers useful for differentiation of these carcinomas. Many investigations suggest that E cadherin protein expression is lost in lobular but not in ductal carcinoma. The absence of E-CD, as a partial loss of epithelial differentiation, may account for the extended spread of lobular carcinoma in situ and the peculiar diffuse invasion mode of invasive lobular carcinoma. Some investigations report the significance of E-CD associated proteins alpha-, beta-, gamma-catenin expression, as well as the usefulness of cytokeratins 5, 6, 8, 7 and thrombospondin in differentiating histological types of breast invasive carcinomas. Several reports have suggested the possibility that invasive ductal and lobular cancers differ with respect to expression of antigens involved in proliferation and cell cycle regulation. It has been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor expression, also the expression of maspin, a tumour suppressor gene product, is higher in ductal, than in lobular carcinoma. Expression of NKX3.1, a member of the NK-class of homeodomain, is highly restricted and is found primarily in lobular carcinoma. Some histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma are also discussed.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu chemie   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lobulární karcinom chemie   diagnóza   MeSH
• nádorové proteiny analýza   MeSH
• nádory prsu chemie   diagnóza   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové proteiny MeSH

Breast cancer is considered to be a multifactorial disorder caused by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Different histological types of breast cancer differ in response to treatment and may have a divergent clinical course. Breast tissue is heterogeneous, with components of epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial and lymphopoietic derivation. The genetic heterogeneity of invasive breast cancer is reflected by the wide spectrum of histological types and differentiation grades. Nevertheless, the influences of these cell types on the tumour's total pattern of gene expression can be estimated analytically. Microarrays permit total tissue analysis and provide a stable molecular portrait of tumours. Some investigations suggest differences in the gene expression profiling for ductal and lobular carcinomas. It has been reported that inactivating mutations of the E-cadherin gene are very frequent in infiltrating lobular breast carcinomas. Other than altered expression of E-cadherin, little is known about the underlying biology that distinguishes ductal and lobular tumour subtypes. However, about 8 genes have been identified differentially which are expressed in lobular and ductal cancers: E-CD, survivin, cathepsin B, TPI1, SPRY1, SCYA14, TFAP2B, and thrombospondin 4, osteopontin, HLA-G, and CHC1. Expression profiling of breast cancers can be used diagnostically to distinguish individual histologic subclassifications and may guide the selection of target therapeutics. However, future approaches will need to include methods for high throughput clinical validation and the ability to analyze microscopic samples.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lobulární karcinom diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza hybridizací s uspořádaným souborem oligonukleotidů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The expression of cytokeratins 7, 8, 14, 18, 19 and vimentin was examined in 100 cases of ductal invasive breast carcinomas. While the predominantly diffuse immunohistological positivity of simple epithelia cytokeratins 7 (in 93), 8 (in 100), 18 (in 100) and 19 (in 97) cases represents a constant feature of these tumors, cytokeratin 14 was detected in only 36 cases which were mostly of low grade and in a focal pattern. Vimentin positivity was found in 53 intermediate and high grade tumors and, again the pattern was also rarely diffuse. The ductal carcinomas can be grouped into four classes according to vimentin and cytokeratin 14 immunoreactivity. This grouping correlates well with tumor grade and with simple histological classification of ductal breast carcinoma, consisting of the low, intermediate and high malignancy categories, as proposed here. The types ofductal carcinomas can be sorted into prognostically different subgroups, according to ICD-O morphologic terminology and commonly adopted results of morphologic and prognostic studies.

• MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu patologie   MeSH
• intermediární filamenta ultrastruktura   MeSH
• keratiny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu patologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• vimentin metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• keratiny MeSH
• vimentin MeSH

AIM: To compare cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates between radical prostatectomy (RP) vs. external beam radiotherapy (RT) in patients with ductal carcinoma (DC) of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2016), we identified 369 DC patients, of whom 303 (82%) vs. 66 (18%) were treated with RP vs. RT, respectively. Kaplan-Meier plots and uni- and stepwise multivariate Cox regression models addressed CSM in the unmatched population. After propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression models tested the effect of RP vs RT on CSM. RESULTS: Overall, RT patients were older, harbored higher PSA values, higher clinical T and higher Gleason grade groups. 5-year CSM rates were respectively 4.2 vs. 10% for RP vs. RT (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.99, p = 0.048, favoring RP). At step-by-step multivariate Cox regression, after adding possible confounders, the central tendency of the HR for RP vs. RT approached 1. PSM resulted into 124 vs. 53 patients treated respectively with RP vs. RT. After PSM, as well as after IPTW, the protective effect of RP was no longer present (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.23-5.73, p = 0.9 and 0.97, 95% CI 0.35-2.66, p = 0.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although CSM rate of ductal carcinoma RP patients is lower of that of RT patients, this apparent benefit disappears after statistical adjustment for population differences.

• Klíčová slova
• Ductal carcinoma, External beam radiotherapy, Prostate cancer, Radical prostatectomy,
• MeSH
• duktální karcinom mortalita   radioterapie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• nádory prostaty mortalita   radioterapie   terapie   MeSH
• prostatektomie metody   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

AIM: To analyse the 5-year survival rate of patients undergoing radical surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to identify prognostic factors. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of 90 consecutive patients who underwent radical resection for PDAC was analysed. Survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test and Cox regression analysis were used for the evaluation of prognostic factors. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Mean age (± standard deviation) was 63.2±8.6 years (female 28.9% and male 71.1%). Tumour localisation was in the head in 76 (84.5%), multifocal in 3 (3.3%) and in the body/tail in 11 (12.2%). Pancreatic head resection was performed in 75 (83.3%), total pancreatectomy in 4 (4.4%) and distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy in 11 (12.2%), with standard lymphadenectomy. Venous resection was in 4 (4.4%). Thirty-day and in-hospital mortality occurred in 1 (1.1%), 90-day mortality was 3.3%. On univariate analysis absence of perineural and vascular invasion, stage, absence of lymph node infiltration and no need for transfusion were associated with improved overall survival. On multivariate analysis vascular invasion HR=3.137 (95%CI: 1.692-5.816; P = 0.0003) and postoperative complications HR=2.004 (95%CI: 1.198-3.354; P = 0.008) were identified as significant independent predictors of survival. The five-year survival rate was 18.9%, with five-year recurrence-free survival of 16.7%. CONCLUSION: Vascular invasion and postoperative complications were independent prognostic factors after curative resections of pancreatic cancer in studied cohort.

• Klíčová slova
• complications, long term survival, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, surgical therapy,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní mortalita   chirurgie   MeSH
• Kaplanův-Meierův odhad MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní mortalita   chirurgie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• pankreatektomie mortalita   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace mortalita   MeSH
• přežívající MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• reoperace mortalita   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Phyllodes tumors of the breast are rare and very distinct types of mammary neoplasms. They are characterized by their biphasicity, i.e. the presence of stromal and epithelial components at the same time. Malignancy is determined by the degree of stromal differentiation. The coexistence of the malignant epithelial component is a very rare phenomenon. Dozens of cases of simultaneous phyllodes tumor and epithelial malignancy have been reported so far. Nevertheless, the biological nature of this process is still an unexplained and a controversial topic. CASE REPORT: In this paper, we present a case of a patient with a suddenly enlarging lesion in the breast. According to the first surgical resection, a diagnosis of high-grade malignant phyllodes tumor was made with fibrosarcoma differentiation, stromal overgrowth and suppression of the epithelial component. Examination of scar resistence in early postoperative period revealed a triple-negative invasive low-differentiated breast carcinoma with very high proliferative activity, thus malignization of the epithelial component of the tumor occurred. Shortly, a diagnosis of second recurrence was made, treatment included axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with a negative histological findings. The patient underwent complex adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy and remained disease free 3 years after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of phyllodes tumor and the breast carcinoma is very rare. The article describes the first published case, which documents the subsequent development of invasive low-differentiated ductal carcinoma immediately after resection of high-grade phyllodes tumor. Treatment and prognosis are generally determined by the characteristics of the carcinomatous component.

• Klíčová slova
• breast cancer, breast neoplasm, case report, ductal carcinoma, phyllodes tumor,
• MeSH
• cystosarcoma phyllodes * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• duktální karcinom * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
• nádory prsu * chirurgie   MeSH
• prsy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

AIMS: Invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas are the most common histological types of breast cancer. The loss of E-cadherin expression has been suggested to be the most reliable marker for invasive lobular carcinoma. The aim of our study was to identify the diagnostic usefulness of novel markers in the differentiation of these tumor types. METHODS: We examined tissue microarrays (TMA) which were constructed from surgical specimens of 119 breast cancer patients. TMA consisted of 80 ductal carcinomas, 29 lobular carcinomas and special type cancers. TMA sections were stained using standard immunohistochemical methods. Monoclonal mouse antibodies against E-cadherin, cytokeratin 5/6 and 17, and polyclonal mouse antibodies against EMP1, DDR1, PRKCI and DVL1 were used. RESULTS: E-cadherin was absent in 93.3% of lobular tumors compared with only 15 % of ductal tumors (p<0.0001). EMP1 and DVL1 were overexpressed in lobular tumors (93.1% and 96.5%, respectively), whereas PRKCI and DDR1 were positive in ductal cancers (90% and 96.2%, respectively). Reduced expression or absence of both cytokeratins 5/6 and 17 was found in both tumor tissues in comparison to normal terminal duct lobular units (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Apart from the well-established marker, E-cadherin, proteins examined on TMA slides by immunohistochemistry (EMP1, DVL1, DDR1, PRKCI) may represent novel tissue markers helpful in the differentiation of ductal and lobular breast cancers. Further studies with larger sets of patients are desirable, to verify the complete immunohistochemical profiles of various histological types of breast cancer and determine the prognostic and predictive significance of novel markers.

• MeSH
• čipová analýza tkání MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu diagnóza   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lobulární karcinom diagnóza   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH

BACKGROUND: There is concern about detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in screening mammography. DCIS accounts for a substantial proportion of screen-detected lesions but its effect on breast cancer mortality is debated. The International Cancer Screening Network conducted a comparative analysis to determine variation in DCIS detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected during 2004-2008 on number of screening examinations, detected breast cancers, DCIS cases and Globocan 2008 breast cancer incidence rates derived from national or regional cancer registers. We calculated screen-detection rates for breast cancers and DCIS. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 15 screening settings in 12 countries; 7,176,050 screening examinations; 29,605 breast cancers and 5324 DCIS cases. The ratio between highest and lowest breast cancer incidence was 2.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76-3.00); 2.97 (95% CI 2.51-3.51) for detection of breast cancer; and 3.49 (95% CI 2.70-4.51) for detection of DCIS. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable international variation was found in DCIS detection. This variation could not be fully explained by variation in incidence nor in breast cancer detection rates. It suggests the potential for wide discrepancies in management of DCIS resulting in overtreatment of indolent DCIS or undertreatment of potentially curable disease. Comprehensive cancer registration is needed to monitor DCIS detection. Efforts to understand discrepancies and standardise management may improve care.

• Klíčová slova
• Breast cancer, Cancer registration, Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), Screening mammography,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• intraduktální neinfiltrující karcinom diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mamografie metody   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH

AIM: To determine the immunoreactivity of pancreatic-polypeptide (PP) during the development of the human fetal pancreas and ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, given that, PP positive cells were demonstrated either into its embryonic anlage or into pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Tissue sections from 15 pancreatic fetal specimens, and equal number of ductal adenocarcinoma specimens, were assessed. RESULTS: The density of positive cells in the primitive exocrine ductal epithelium and endocrine epithelium was significantly higher than the relevant density in the neoplastic pancreatic tissue of mixed (ductal - endocrine) and pure ductal type (p1 = 0.001, p2 < 0.0005, p3 = 0.046 and p4 < 0.0005 respectively). The above values were estimated during the 10th to 12th week. There was no significant difference in the density of positive cells in the mantle zone of the islets from the 13th to the 24th week, and the neoplastic tissue of mixed (p5 = 0.11) and pure ductal type (p6 = 0.23). CONCLUSION: The immunostaining for PP identifies a subgroup of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a neuroendocrine component, initially considered as pure ductal tumors, and mixed ductal and neuroendocrine tumors. This pattern of expression in neoplasms recapitulates the normal pattern during the embryonal development of the organ, raising the question of therapeutic efficacy of PP and analogues as potential adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom metabolismus   MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní metabolismus   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní metabolismus   MeSH
• pankreas embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• pankreatický polypeptid metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pankreatický polypeptid MeSH

BACKGROUND: The genomes of present-day non-Africans are composed of 1-3% of Neandertal-derived DNA as a consequence of admixture events between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans about 50-60 thousand years ago. Neandertal-introgressed single nucleotide polymorphisms (aSNPs) have been associated with modern human disease-related traits, which are risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation. In this study, we aimed at investigating the role of aSNPs in PDAC in three Eurasian populations. RESULTS: The high-coverage Vindija Neandertal genome was used to select aSNPs in non-African populations from 1000 Genomes project phase 3 data. Then, the association between aSNPs and PDAC risk was tested independently in Europeans and East Asians, using existing GWAS data on more than 200 000 individuals. We did not find any significant associations between aSNPs and PDAC in samples of European descent, whereas, in East Asians, we observed that the Chr10p12.1-rs117585753-T allele (MAF = 10%) increased the risk to develop PDAC (OR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.19-1.54, P = 3.59 × 10-6), with a P-value close to a threshold that takes into account multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show only a minimal contribution of Neandertal SNPs to PDAC risk.

• Klíčová slova
• Admixture, Association study, Eurasians, Introgression, Neandertal, Pancreatic cancer,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní * genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní * genetika   MeSH
• neandertálci * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH