INTRODUCTION: The aim of our prospective study was to define endoscopy appearance of the small bowel in healthy volunteers. METHOD: Forty-two healthy volunteers underwent wireless capsule endoscopy, clinical investigation, laboratory tests, and completed a health-status questionnaire. All subjects were available for a 36-month clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Eleven subjects (26%) had fully normal endoscopy findings. Remaining 31 persons (74%), being asymptomatic, with normal laboratory results, had some minor findings at wireless capsule endoscopy. Most of those heterogeneous findings were detected in the small intestine (27/31; 87%), like erosions and/or multiple red spots, diminutive polyps and tiny vascular lesions. During a 36-month clinical follow-up, all these 42 healthy volunteers remained asymptomatic, with fully normal laboratory control. CONCLUSIONS: Significant part of healthy subjects had abnormal findings at wireless capsule endoscopy. These findings had no clinical relevance, as all these persons remained fully asymptomatic during a 36-month follow-up. Such an endoscopic appearance would be previously evaluated as "pathological". This is a principal report alerting that all findings of any control group of wireless capsule endoscopic studies must be evaluated with caution.

• Klíčová slova
• 36-month follow-up, Healthy volunteers, Small bowel, Wireless capsule enteroscopy,
• MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci MeSH
• bezdrátová technologie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kapslová endoskopie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhodný nález MeSH
• nemoci střev diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• tenké střevo diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a carbohydrate-rich gel-like mesh covering the apical surface of endothelial cells. It has been linked to the microvascular pathophysiology and tissue metabolism. However, little is known about its condition in young healthy adults. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the condition of EG in young healthy adults by in vivo EG imaging and measurement of syndecan-1, a plasma marker of EG integrity in order to obtain reference values. METHODS: For in vivo EG studies we used Side-stream Dark Field imaging of the sublingual microcirculation. Recordings were analysed automatically by GlycoCheck software providing the Perfused Boundary Region (PBR) as a marker of EG thickness. Levels of syndecan-1 were analysed in plasma samples by ELISA. RESULTS: 21 volunteers were included in the study. Median of the PBR value was 1.82 μm (interquartile range 1.69-2.01, 95% CI 1.79-1.97). Median concentration of syndecan-1 was 0.3 ng/ml (interquartile range 0.23-0.39, 95% CI 0.27-0.49). CONCLUSION: This study provides a comparison for cohorts of patients with a particular disease where the EG is presumably damaged. Our findings do not entirely comply with already published data in healthy individuals.

• Klíčová slova
• Endothelial glycocalyx, healthy volunteers, syndecan-1,
• MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• endoteliální buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• glykokalyx metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH

Chlamydiae are intracellular bacterial parasites of eukaryotes, ranging from amoebae to humans. They comprise many novel members and are investigated as emerging pathogens. Environmental studies highlighted similarities between the ecologies of chlamydiae and legionellae, both groups being important agents of respiratory infections. Herein, we analyzed nasal samples from healthy persons, searching for the presence of amoebae, chlamydiae and legionellae. From a total of 25 samples, we recovered by PCR eight samples positive to chlamydiae and six samples positive to legionellae. Among these samples, four were positive to both organisms. The sequencing of 16S rDNAs allowed to identify (i) among Chlamydiae: Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Chlamydophila felis, and members of Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae and E6 lineage and (ii) among Legionellaceae: Legionella longbeachae, Legionella bozemanii and Legionella impletisoli. Unexpectedly, we also recovered Diplorickettsia sp. Amoebae collected from nasal mucosae, Acanthamoeba and Vermamoeba, were endosymbiont-free, and chlamydiae revealed refractory to amoeba coculture. This study shows common exposure to chlamydiae and legionellae and suggests open air activities like gardening as a probable additional source of infection.

• MeSH
• Amoeba klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Chlamydiales klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Legionellaceae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• nosní dutina mikrobiologie   MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• protozoální DNA MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

Flood early warning (FEW) is a vital component of disaster risk management and is particularly important for saving lives, developing a sustainable agro-based economy, economic stability, and the overall development of the people of Bangladesh as well as others. This study was conducted in a northern, flood-prone area of Bangladesh to investigate the potential of incorporating volunteers of the community to the Union Councils (UCs) to disseminate FEW alongside the top-down approach. Several studies have found that despite having a sophisticated flood forecasting technology, local communities are not reaping the benefits of it, as the existing dissemination system is inaccessible to most local people. Since risk communication takes place in a social context, this study investigated and thereby proposed that volunteerism, as a form of social capital or communal virtue, can potentially assist the community-based disaster management (CBDM) institutions in enhancing their capacity to reach the maximum population at times of flood risk. Therefore, it was confirmed that the trained volunteers need to be integrated into and endorsed by the national policy. In addition, this study also provides a number of recommendations connecting literature with policy documents of Bangladesh.

• Klíčová slova
• community volunteerism, disaster management, disaster volunteer group, flood early warning, flood response, governance and planning, resilience, sustainability,
• MeSH
• dobrovolní pracovníci MeSH
• ekonomická stabilita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof * MeSH
• záplavy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bangladéš MeSH

As paracetamol (PC) affected the frequency of chromosome aberrations and unscheduled DNA synthesis in human volunteers, the genotoxic effects of PC were studied in a group of 12 healthy volunteers (9 females; 3 males, aged 37.8 +/- 8.7 years) using the cytokinesis block micronucleus method in human peripheral lymphocytes. As a positive control a group of elderly people was used, 20 females and 10 males, aged 79.9 +/- 9.5 years. PC was administered orally 3 times in a dose of 1000 mg during 8 h. Blood samples were taken at intervals of 0, 24, 72 and 168 h after the first dose of PC. Cytochalasin B was added to the cultures 44 h after the beginning of the 72-h cultivation at a concentration of 3.0 micrograms/ml. The frequency of cells with micronuclei in the group of volunteers was not significantly increased after PC administration. Using the cytokinesis block micronucleus method, the frequency of micronuclei was stable and the interindividual variability was low. The application of the micronucleus technique in genetic monitoring, e.g., for the occupational exposure to mutagens, is questioned.

• MeSH
• buněčné dělení účinky léků   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrojaderné testy metody   MeSH
• paracetamol toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• paracetamol MeSH

Group mean isopotential maps of initial parts of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) in 4 age groups (10, 14, 19 and 22 years) of young healthy subjects, females and males, were analyzed using different increments between isopotential lines. It was found that the increment 0.1 mV masks some features of the maps, which are seen only by smaller increment (0.02 mV): the time of appearance of maximum and minimum on the anterior chest, smaller voltage values of the extrema as usually published, minimum dominating over maximum in the youngest groups. Therefore, the often applied criterion for the QRS onset - the increasing maximum on the anterior chest - should be reconsidered at least when it concerns the isopotential maps of children.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• elektrokardiografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• převodní systém srdeční fyziologie   MeSH
• srdce - funkce komor * MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Platelet aggregation is a complicated process mediated by different signaling pathways. As the process is highly complex and apparently redundant, the relationships between these pathways are not yet fully known. The aim of this project was to study the interconnections among seven different aggregation pathways in a group of 53 generally healthy volunteers aged 20 to 66 years. Platelet aggregation was induced with thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 (TRAP), arachidonic acid (AA), platelet activating factor 16 (PAF), ADP, collagen, thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 or ristocetin (platelet agglutination) ex vivo in fasting blood samples according to standardized timetable protocol. Additionally, some samples were pre-treated with known clinically used antiplatelet drugs (vorapaxar, ticagrelor or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)). Significant correlations among all used inducers were detected (Pearson correlation coefficients (rP): 0.3 to 0.85). Of all the triggers, AA showed to be the best predictor of the response to other inducers with rP ranging from 0.66 to 0.85. Interestingly, the antiplatelet response to ticagrelor strongly predicted the response to unrelated drug vorapaxar (rP = 0.71). Our results indicate that a response to one inducer can predict the response for other triggers or even to an antiplatelet drug. These data are useful for future testing but should be also confirmed in patients.

What is the context?• Platelet activation is a complicated process with multiple signaling cascades involved.• A total of seven common platelet triggers (ADP, collagen, TRAP-6, PAF, arachidonic acid/AA/, ristocetin and U46619) were tested.• The process is dependent on many factors including sex, age, concomitant disease(s), pharmacotherapy.What is new?• There were significant correlations between all tested aggregatory cascades.• AA has the highest rate of response predictability in our heterogeneous generally healthy volunteer group.• There was no correlation between impedance aggregometry in whole blood and turbidimetric measurement with platelet-rich plasma.What is the impact?• The effect of antiplatelet drugs can be assessed from the reaction to different trigger(s) at least in this group of healthy patients.• Future studies must test these relationships in patients with different diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Antiplatelet drug, arachidonic acid, healthy volunteer, platelet aggregation, signaling pathway,
• MeSH
• agregace trombocytů * MeSH
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů * farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina arachidonová farmakologie   MeSH
• laktony * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pyridiny * MeSH
• ticagrelor MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů * MeSH
• kyselina arachidonová MeSH
• laktony * MeSH
• pyridiny * MeSH
• ticagrelor MeSH
• vorapaxar MeSH Prohlížeč

The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-unit dosage system that released model drug into the colon, and also to evaluate the efficiency of the dosage form in human volunteers. The developed system combines pH-, time- and biodegradable polymer-based mechanisms for drug targeting to the colon. Pellet cores containing caffeine as model drug and chitosan and microcrystalline cellulose as excipients were prepared by the extrusion/spheronization method. The prepared pellets were film coated with a pH-dependent polymer, Eudragit FS 30 D. The coating total weight gain was 28.83% (w/w). Thanks to the application of an outer enteric film and the multiple unit design of the dosage form, the variability in gastric emptying was overcome, and a colon-specific targeting relied on the reproducibility of a small intestinal transit time, which was reported to be 3 ± 1 hours. A biodegradable polymer in the pellet core, chitosan, ensured the site-specific release of the model drug due to its solubility at the lower pH of the colonic region and by its biodegradability from the bacteria present. The efficiency of the system was confirmed by the in vivo testing of human saliva. The time of the first appearance of caffeine into the saliva, T(lag), was used as a parameter to estimate the disintegration time of the pellets into the gastrointestinal tract. The caffeine appeared in the saliva within 6.95 ± 1.12 hours (T(lag)) in 9 volunteers. A comparison of the reported colon arrival times indicates that the developed system is applicable to colonic drug delivery.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• celulosa aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• chitosan aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie metody   MeSH
• implantované léky aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• kofein aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• kolon metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lékové formy MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pomocné látky aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• sliny metabolismus   MeSH
• vyprazdňování žaludku účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• celulosa MeSH
• chitosan MeSH
• implantované léky MeSH
• kofein MeSH
• lékové formy MeSH
• microcrystalline cellulose MeSH Prohlížeč
• pomocné látky MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• AMPHETAMINE/pharmacology *, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM/pharmacology *, PHENMETRAZINE/pharmacology *,
• MeSH
• amfetamin farmakologie   MeSH
• amfetaminy * MeSH
• centrální nervový systém farmakologie   MeSH
• fenmetrazin farmakologie   MeSH
• injekce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amfetamin MeSH
• amfetaminy * MeSH
• dexphenmetrazine MeSH Prohlížeč
• fenmetrazin MeSH

RATIONALE: Disruption of auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN), electrophysiological markers of attentive and pre-attentive cognitive processing, is repeatedly described in psychosis and schizophrenia. Similar findings were observed in a glutamatergic model of psychosis, but the role of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors in information processing is less clear. OBJECTIVES: We studied ERPs in a serotonergic model of psychosis, induced by psilocybin, a psychedelic with 5-HT2A/C agonistic properties, in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Twenty subjects (10M/10F) were given 0.26 mg/kg of psilocybin orally in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. ERPs (P300, MMN) were registered during the peak of intoxication. Correlations between measured electrophysiological variables and psilocin serum levels and neuropsychological effects were also analyzed. RESULTS: Psilocybin induced robust psychedelic effects and psychotic-like symptoms, decreased P300 amplitude (p = 0.009) but did not affect the MMN. Psilocybin's disruptive effect on P300 correlated with the intensity of the psychedelic state, which was dependent on the psilocin serum levels. We also observed a decrease in N100 amplitude (p = 0.039) in the P300 paradigm and a negative correlation between P300 and MMN amplitude (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Even though pre-attentive cognition (MMN) was not affected, processing at the early perceptual level (N100) and in higher-order cognition (P300) was significantly disrupted by psilocybin. Our results have implications for the role of 5-HT2A receptors in altered information processing in psychosis and schizophrenia.

• Klíčová slova
• ERP, Human, MMN, Model of psychosis, P300, Psilocybin,
• MeSH
• akustická stimulace metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• elektroencefalografie účinky léků   metody   MeSH
• halucinogeny farmakologie   MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní evokované potenciály P300 účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pozornost účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• psilocybin škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• halucinogeny MeSH
• psilocybin MeSH