lead
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Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental poison. Despite intensive study, there is still debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. Significant position have organic lead compounds used more than 60 years as antiknock additives in gasoline. Chemical and toxicological characteristics of main tetraalkyl leads used as gasoline additives are discussed in this article. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, because current studies show that no level of lead exposure appears to be a 'safe' and even the current 'low' levels of exposure, especially in children, are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits.
Lead is a health hazard for all humans. Especially children under the age of six are most at risk for lead poisoning. Lead toxicity causes hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological dysfunction. Symptoms are usually noted with blood lead greater than 2 micromoles/L. Severe or prolonged exposure may also cause chronic nephropathy, hypertension, and reproductive impairment. Lead inhibits some enzymes, alters cellular calcium metabolism, stimulates synthesis of binding proteins in kidney, brain, and bone, and slows down nerve conduction. Acute lead poisoning is relatively infrequent and results from ingestion of acid soluble lead compounds or inhalation of lead vapors but chronic exposure to low levels of the metal is still a public health issue, especially among some minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Lead has been used since prehistoric times, and has become widely distributed and mobilized in the environment. Exposure to and uptake of this non-essential element have consequently increased. Both occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in many developing and industrializing countries and a public health problem of global dimensions.
- Klíčová slova
- LEAD POISONING *,
- MeSH
- keramika * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otrava olovem * MeSH
- průmysl * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The presented case demonstrates that acute lead poisoning may occur due to just short-term exposure to a mixture of lead-containing dust and ammunition. Such exposure may result in high blood lead levels persisting for years in the absence of any symptoms. A middle-aged male with a history of an approximately 7-day cleanup of an old recreational firing range with large ammunition and dust deposits presented to an emergency department with abdominal pain, dyspnea, fatigue and impaired cognitive function. Given his occupational history, specific tests were performed that showed high lead concentrations in both blood and urine. The patient was diagnosed with acute lead poisoning. He was started on chelation therapy that improved both clinical and laboratory parameters. Over a subsequent nearly 3-year follow-up, the patient's blood lead levels fluctuated and continued to be increased. Given the absence of other sources of lead exposure, these were likely due to the formation of bone deposits. Med Pr. 2020;71(3):375-9.
- Klíčová slova
- anemia, blood lead level, chelation therapy, lead poisoning, occupational exposure to lead, urine lead level,
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- bolesti břicha chemicky indukované MeSH
- chelátory terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otrava olovem diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- pracoviště MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- střelné zbraně * MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chelátory MeSH
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous poisonous metal, affecting the health of vast populations worldwide. Medications to treat Pb poisoning suffer from various limitations and are often toxic owing to insufficient metal selectivity. Here, we report a cyclic tetrapeptide that selectively binds Pb and eradicates its toxic effect on the cellular level, with superior potency than state-of-the-art drugs. The Pb-peptide complex is remarkably strong and was characterized experimentally and computationally. Accompanied by the lack of toxicity and enhanced stability of this peptide, these qualities indicate its merit as a potential remedy for Pb poisoning.
- Klíčová slova
- chelation therapy, lead poisoning, metal selectivity, peptides, rational design,
- MeSH
- buňky HT-29 MeSH
- cyklické peptidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oligopeptidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- olovo chemie metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cyklické peptidy MeSH
- oligopeptidy MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- BONE MARROW/pathology *, LEAD POISONING/pathology *,
- MeSH
- chronická nemoc * MeSH
- kostní dřeň patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otrava olovem patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The concentrations of lead and cadmium in the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal and edible macrofungi (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) were measured in the vicinity of a lead smelter. Very high concentrations of both metals were found 1 km from the stack, and elevated concentrations were observed up to a distance of 4.5 km. The dependence of the concentrations on the distance from the stack were approximated by an exponential function, the extrapolation of which showed that only at a distance of 6 km did the concentrations approach those reported from an area in the Krusné Hory Mountains with a medium level of air pollution. The concentrations of lead were slightly higher in the caps than in the stems of the fungal fruiting bodies from the sites close to the smelters; at a distance of 1.7 km they were the same, and at greater distances the lead concentrations in the caps were slightly lower than those in the stems. The cap/stem concentration ratio for cadmium does not exhibit any change with distance. The different behaviour of the two metals can be explained in terms of the lower mobility of Pb2+ ions. Because of their lead and cadmium contents, edible mycorrhizal fungi picked within a distance of 0.6 km of the stack can be toxic to man if eaten often in quantities that are usual in Czechoslovakia.
- MeSH
- Agaricales analýza MeSH
- Basidiomycota analýza MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- houby analýza MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí analýza MeSH
- olovo analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- LEAD POISONING/complications *, MENTAL DISORDERS/etiology *, NEUROLOGY *,
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurologie * MeSH
- otrava olovem komplikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- EDATHAMIL/pharmacology *, LEAD POISONING/experimental *,
- MeSH
- biologický transport MeSH
- EDTA farmakologie MeSH
- otrava olovem * MeSH
- tělesné tekutiny * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- EDTA MeSH
