INTRODUCTION: The Raise Awareness of Influenza Strategies in Europe (RAISE) group gathered information about the healthcare burden of influenza (hospitalizations, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions, and excess deaths), surveillance systems, and the vaccine coverage rate (VCR) in older adults in 18 European countries and Israel. AREAS COVERED: Published medical literature and official medical documentation on the influenza disease burden in the participating countries were reviewed from 2010/11 until the 2022/23 influenza seasons. Information on the framework for monitoring the disease burden and the provision for ensuring older adults had access to vaccination in their respective countries was provided. Data on influenza VCR in older adults were collected for the 2019/20 to 2022/23 influenza seasons. Data are reported descriptively. EXPERT OPINION: Influenza presents a significant healthcare burden in older adults. Reporting outcomes across participating countries is heterogeneous, highlighting the need for standardized approaches. Although older adults receive free influenza vaccination, vaccine uptake is highly variable among countries. Moreover, hospitalization rates remain high even in countries reporting a high VCR. Increased awareness and education on the burden of disease and the broader use of improved influenza vaccines for older adults may help reduce the disease burden on this population.

• Klíčová slova
• Influenza, Influenza surveillance, burden of disease, older adults, vaccine coverage rate,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hospitalizace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Izrael epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The introduction of the surveillance of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in 2007 has helped to monitor changes in serotype occurrence in the Czech population and assess the impact of routine immunisation against IPD on the child population under 5 years of age. METHODS: Observational study of childhood IPD in the Czech Republic based on the state public health surveillance data comparing pre-immunisation (2007-2008) and post-immunisation (2012-2013) periods. RESULTS: In the child population there was an overall decline in IPD occurrence of 46.6% (95% CI 63.4-21.9) observed during the post-immunisation period. There was even greater decrease of 71.6% (95% CI 50.4-83.8) in vaccinated children. In the post-immunisation period, Prevenar 13 (PCV13) and Synflorix (PCV10) contributed to a vaccine-type IPD reduction of 95.4% (95% CI 67.0-99.4) and 76.9% (95% CI 36.0-91.7), respectively, compared to unimmunised children. The occurrence of 10 serotypes contained in both commercial vaccines also decreased in unvaccinated children by 61.4% (95% CI 14.5-82.6). However, a rise in the risk of non-vaccine and unspecified serotype acquisition by up to 153% was revealed in unimmunised children when comparing post-immunisation and pre-immunisation periods. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a shift in IPD caused either by vaccine or non-vaccine serotypes between immunised and unimmunised populations of children, which could result in increased incidence of IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes. Therefore, routine immunisation using only one vaccine with broader serotype coverage together with a higher vaccination rate could raise hopes of further decrease in IPD in the child population.

• Klíčová slova
• invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes,
• MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ochrana veřejného zdraví MeSH
• pneumokokové infekce epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• pneumokokové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine MeSH Prohlížeč
• PHiD-CV vaccine MeSH Prohlížeč
• pneumokokové vakcíny MeSH

Invasive meningococcal disease surveillance in Europe combines isolate characterisation and epidemiological data to support public health intervention. A representative European Meningococcal Strain Collection (EMSC) of IMD isolates was obtained, and whole genome sequenced to characterise 799 EMSC isolates from the epidemiological year July 2011-June 2012. To establish a genome library (GL), the isolate information was deposited in the pubMLST.org/neisseria database. Genomes were curated and annotated at 2,429 meningococcal loci, including those defining clonal complex, capsule, antigens, and antimicrobial resistance. Most genomes contained genes encoding B (n = 525; 65.7%) or C (n = 163; 20.4%) capsules; isolates were genetically highly diverse, with >20 genomic lineages, five of which comprising 60.7% (n = 485) of isolates. There were >350 antigenic fine-types: 307 were present once, the most frequent (P1.7-2,4:F5-1) comprised 8% (n = 64) of isolates. Each genome was characterised for Bexsero Antigen Sequence Typing (BAST): 25.5% (n = 204) of isolates contained alleles encoding the fHbp and/or the PorA VR1 vaccine component, but most genomes (n = 513; 64.2%) did not contain the NadA component. EMSC-GL will support an integrated surveillance of disease-associated genotypes in Europe, enabling the monitoring of hyperinvasive lineages, outbreak identification, and supporting vaccine programme implementation.

• Klíčová slova
• Neisseria meningitidis, genome library, monitor vaccine coverage, surveillance, track antimicrobial susceptibility,
• MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetické lokusy MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• genomová knihovna * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokoková meningitida genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• meningokokové infekce genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny B genetika   MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu * MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Mumps data were analysed to assess the effect of vaccination on mumps complications and hospitalisation. METHODS: The mumps cases reported to the Czech nationwide surveillance system from 2013 to 2022 were analysed using logistic regression with an odds ratio (aOR) adjusted for age, sex, year of onset and administrative region to measure the association between vaccination and complications or hospitalisation. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) was calculated: aVE=(1-aOR)x100. RESULTS: A total of 11,913 mumps cases were reported, of which 6,885 (58%) were male. The median age of the study participants was 16 (range: 0-89 years). No complications occurred in 91% of patients. Mumps orchitis occurred in 633 (9%) male cases. A total of 946 (8%) patients required hospitalisation. The highest proportion of complications and hospitalisations was in the age group 35-44 years. Two doses of vaccine reduced statistically significantly the risk of any complications and of hospitalisation compared with unvaccinated patients: aOR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.62), aVE of 52% (95% CI: 38, 63); and aOR 0.43 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.56), aVE of 57% (95% CI: 44, 67), respectively. Two doses showed statistically significant aVE 50% (95% CI: 32, 64) against orchitis, and 59% (95% CI: 23, 79) against meningitis. Among the two-dose recipients, the proportion of complications increased gradually with the time from the second dose. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated a protective effect of two-dose vaccination against mumps complications and hospitalisation for mumps. We recommend continuing routine childhood mumps vaccination and maintaining high MMR coverage in Czechia.

UVOD: Analizirali smo podatke o mumpsu, da bi ocenili učinek cepljenja na zaplete in hospitalizacijo zaradi mumpsa. METODE: Primere mumpsa, ki so bili v obdobju 2013–2022 prijavljeni v državni sistem nadzora na Češkem, smo analizirali z logistično regresijo z razmerjem obetov (aOR), prilagojeno glede na starost, spol, leto začetka in upravno regijo, da bi ugotovili povezavo med cepljenjem in zapleti ali hospitalizacijo. Izračunali smo prilagojeno učinkovitost cepiva (aVE): aVE = (1 – aOR) x 100. REZULTATI: Skupaj je bilo prijavljenih 11.913 primerov mumpsa, od tega 6885 (58 %) pri moških. Povprečna starost udeležencev v študiji je bila 16 let (razpon: 0–89 let). Pri 91 % bolnikov ni prišlo do zapletov. Mumps orhitis se je pojavil pri 633 (9 %) moških. Skupaj je 946 (8 %) bolnikov potrebovalo hospitalizacijo. Največji delež zapletov in hospitalizacij je bil v starostni skupini 35–44 let. Dva odmerka cepiva sta statistično pomembno zmanjšala tveganje za nastanek morebitnih zapletov in hospitalizacijo v primerjavi z necepljenimi bolniki: aOR 0,48 (95 % IZ: 0,37, 0,62), aVE 52 % (95 % IZ: 38, 63) in aOR 0,43 (95 % IZ: 0,33, 0,56), aVE 57 % (95 % IZ: 44, 67). Dva odmerka sta pokazala statistično pomembno aVE 50 % (95 % IZ: 32, 64) v primerjavi z orhitisom in 59 % (95 % IZ: 23, 79) v primerjavi z meningitisom. Delež zapletov med prejemniki dveh odmerkov se je postopoma povečeval s časom od drugega odmerka. ZAKLJUČKI: Naše ugotovitve so pokazale zaščitni učinek cepljenja proti zapletom in hospitalizaciji zaradi mumpsa. Priporočamo nadaljevanje rutinskega cepljenja otrok proti mumpsu in ohranjanje visoke stopnje precepljenosti s cepivom OMR na Češkem.

• Klíčová slova
• Hospitalisation, Mumps, Mumps complications, Orchitis, Vaccination, Vaccine effectiveness, cepljenje, hospitalizacija, mumps, učinkovitost cepljenja, zapleti,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The authors evaluated surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ARI), influenza and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) in the Slovak Republic (SR). They analyze morbidity, age-specific morbidity, complications, mortality, number of influenza viruses isolations and vaccination coverage rates in the SR in the years 1993-2008. They focus mainly on the analysis during the epidemic. Most epidemics have been caused by influenza virus A subtype H3N2. The age group mostly affected by morbidity during the year were children at the age of 0-5, while during the epidemic, the highest morbidity was recorded among school children at the age of 6-14. A complicated clinical course of the disease was reported in 1,422,836 patients (5.1%). Since the 2002/2003 influenza season, the sentinel physicians have participated in taking biological material, which ensures monitoring of influenza viruses circulating in the SR. As of the 2006/2007 season, the ARI/ILI have been reported separately in the SR in accordance with the monitoring requirements set by the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) project, and the calculation of morbidity is done from the number of persons, who are in care of the reporting physicians: Vaccination coverage in SR is still very low in comparison with other European Union (EU) countries.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• chřipka lidská komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemie MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy komplikace   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This observational study aimed to analyse data from big maternity hospital, determine the vaccination coverage and provide source information for further activities. BACKGROUND: Although vaccination of pregnant women against pertussis is recommended in the Czech Republic, data on vaccination coverage are not available. METHODS: The self-completed questionnaire was distributed to 5,475 pregnant women in the maternity hospital between 2020 and 2021. Questionnaires collected mother's sociodemographic characteristics, pertussis vaccination status and sources of recommendations for vaccinations during pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 4,617 completed questionnaires were analysed. Pertussis vaccination coverage during pregnancy was 1.6 % (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.0 %). Only 12.5 % of women knew about the possibility of being vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy. Women considered pertussis vaccination in pregnancy as important (12.9 %), useful (49.1 %) and useless (24.0 %). Of 579 pregnant women who had information about pertussis vaccination during pregnancy, only 12.1 % were vaccinated, while among those who did not have this information, 0.1% were vaccinated during pregnancy (p < 0.001). The most frequent source of information was Internet, then a general practitioner. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to raise awareness of recommendations for pregnancy vaccination among public and professionals, to emphasize the benefits of such vaccination in order to increase the vaccination coverage (Tab. 3, Ref. 31). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: pertussis, whooping cough, pregnancy, vaccination, health knowledge, prevention.

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pertuse * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• těhotné ženy MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: In Slovakia, thanks to a highly effective vaccination programme, no domestic cases of measles have been reported since 1999. However, there are several outbreaks of measles currently hitting some countries in Europe. Difficulties in reaching the goal of measles elimination make it necessary to monitor the status of the population susceptibility to prevent similar outbreaks in the future. We hypothesize that immunity wanes overtime, which can substantially impact the population susceptibility. This work introduces a model that estimates a proportion of individuals susceptible to measles in the Slovak population in 2015. METHODS: Our analysis is based on an age-cohort model that incorporates waning immunity, vaccination schedule and changes in demographic structure. The inputs of the model are data on the vaccination coverage, last seroprevalence survey in 2002 and age structure of the population. RESULTS: In a short-term horizon, waning immunity does not affect the estimated proportion of the susceptible population. However, in a long-term horizon, the antibody titers can fall below the level of protection, which would result in a substantial transfer of initially immune individuals to the compartment of the susceptible ones. Incorporating of waning immunity in the cohort model has indicated that the most susceptible cohorts are not-vaccinated youngest children and cohorts born between 1969 and 1986. CONCLUSIONS: Applying the model to the current situation shows that people aged 30-45 years and unvaccinated infants represent the most susceptible groups. Model partially replaces missing seroprevalence survey, but, because the parameters of model and phenomenon of waning immunity are not exactly known, we suggest reintroducing the regular national serosurveys in order to empirically determine the level of susceptibility for measles in Slovakia.

• Klíčová slova
• cohort model, measles, susceptibility, vaccination, waning immunity,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• spalničková vakcína imunologie   MeSH
• spalničky epidemiologie   imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• spalničková vakcína MeSH

GOAL: To extend the present routine serological diagnosis of mumps with the methods of direct detection of the pathogen and subsequent genotyping of the isolated viruses in an attempt to obtain more detailed data on recent mumps viruses circulating in the Czech Republic. Sub-goals were to point out the particularities of the laboratory examination in the population with a high vaccine coverage and to evaluate the current epidemiological situation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Altogether 47 buccal swabs from patients with suspected mumps were included in the study. Clinical specimens collected at the onset of clinical symptoms were obtained from five administrative regions of the Czech Republic from February 2012 to December 2012. Vero cell cultures were used for virus isolation and isolates were identified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Genotyping was performed by the WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (RRL MMR), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin. The EPIDAT system was used as a source of epidemiological data. RESULTS: From 47 buccal swabs, 20 mumps viruses were isolated on Vero cells and in seven other specimens, the presence of viral RNA without positive isolation was only detected by RT-qPCR. Nineteen isolates were referred for genotyping. The phylogenetic analysis of the SH gene classified them into genotype G, as four variants. In both 2011 and 2012, most cases occurred in vaccinated patients (80%), with 15-19-year-olds being the most affected age group. The leading complication was orchitis, followed by meningitis. More complications were reported in non-vaccinated individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The increased incidence of mumps cases in the Czech Republic in 2012 was due primarily to genotype G, the leading cause of mumps in most European countries since 2005. The presence of genotype G was first reported in the Czech Republic in 2006. In the context of the unfavourable epidemiological trend, molecular epidemiological studies including genotyping of recent mumps virus strains appear to be necessary. A detailed monitoring could be helpful in elucidating the pattern of virus circulation and in designing strategies to control emerging outbreaks. The vaccination efficacy in relation to the causative genotype and possible role of waning immunity in mumps outbreaks are the issues that need to be addressed.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• příušnice diagnóza   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• Vero buňky MeSH
• virus příušnic klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH