This study presents a systematic comparison of the antifouling properties of water-soluble poly(2-oxazoline) (PAOx) and poly(2-oxazine) (PAOzi) brushes grafted to gold surfaces. PAOx and PAOzi are emerging polymer classes in biomedical sciences and are being considered superior alternatives to widely used polyethylene glycol (PEG). Four different polymers, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx), poly(2-methyl-2-oxazine) (PMeOzi), and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazine) (PEtOzi), each of them in three different chain lengths, are synthesized and characterized for their antifouling properties. Results show that all polymer-modified surfaces display better antifouling properties than bare gold surfaces as well as analogous PEG coatings. The antifouling properties increase in the following order: PEtOx < PMeOx ≈ PMeOzi < PEtOzi. The study suggests that the resistance to protein fouling derives from both surface hydrophilicity and the molecular structural flexibility of the polymer brushes. PEtOzi brushes with moderate hydrophilicity show the best antifouling performance, possibly due to their highest chain flexibility. Overall, the research contributes to the understanding of antifouling properties in PAOx and PAOzi polymers, with potential applications in various biomaterials.

• Klíčová slova
• antifouling coatings, poly(2-oxazine)s, poly(2-oxazoline)s, polymer brushes,
• MeSH
• bioznečištění * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• oxaziny chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemie   MeSH
• polymery * chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxaziny MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• polymery * MeSH

The synthesis and characterization of an ABA triblock copolymer based on hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (pMeOx) blocks A and a modestly hydrophobic poly(2-iso-butyl-2-oxazoline) (piBuOx) block B is described. Aqueous polymer solutions were prepared at different concentrations (1-20 wt %) and their thermogelling capability using visual observation was investigated at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 80 °C. As only a 20 wt % solution was found to undergo thermogelation, this concentration was investigated in more detail regarding its temperature-dependent viscoelastic profile utilizing various modes (strain or temperature sweep). The prepared hydrogels from this particular ABA triblock copolymer have interesting rheological and viscoelastic properties, such as reversible thermogelling and shear thinning, and may be used as bioink, which was supported by its very low cytotoxicity and initial printing experiments using the hydrogels. However, the soft character and low yield stress of the gels do not allow real 3D printing at this point.

• Klíčová slova
• amphiphilic block copolymer, cytocompatibility, poly(2-oxazoline), viscoelasticity, thermoresponsive hydrogel,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Research on the subject of smart biomaterials has become a cornerstone of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Herein, the authors report on developing magnetic hydrogels that combine high biocompatibility and remarkable activity in magnetic fields. We fabricated magnetic hydrogels based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (POx) via living ring-opening cationic polymerization with in-situ embedding of the carbonyl iron (CI) particles. Investigation was made as to the effect exerted by the concentration of CI on magnetic, viscoelastic/magnetorheological properties, the degree of equilibrium swelling, and cytotoxicity. The hydrogels exhibited an open pore structure, as evidenced by computed tomography (CT) imaging. Susceptibility measurements revealed the concentration-dependent field-induced particle restructuration indicating elongation/contraction of the material, thereby determining the potential for magneto-mechanical stimulation of the cells. The POx-based magnetic hydrogels were amphiphilic in character, showing decrease in their capability to hold liquid alongside increase in CI concentration. Viscoelastic measurements suggested that interaction occurred between the particles and matrix based on inconsistency between the experimental storage modulus and the Krieger-Dougherty model. The synthesized materials exhibited excellent biocompatibility toward the 3T3 fibroblast cell line in tests of extract toxicity and direct contact cytotoxicity (ISO standards). The unique combination of properties exhibited by the material - magneto-mechanical activity and biocompatibility - could prove favorable in fields such as biomedicine and biomechanics.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomaterial, Biomedical application, Living cationic polymerization, Magnetic gel, Magnetorheology, Poly(2-oxazoline),
• MeSH
• buňky 3T3 MeSH
• fibroblasty účinky léků   MeSH
• hydrogely chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• magnetické pole MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oxazoly chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hydrogely MeSH
• oxazoly MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč

Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s are biocompatible polymers with polypeptide-isomeric structures that are attracting increasing interest as biomaterials for drug, gene, protein, and radionuclide delivery. They are, however, still relatively new in comparison to other classes of hydrophilic water-soluble polymers already established for such use, including poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polymethacrylamides such as poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]. This feature article critically compares the synthetic aspects and physicochemical and biological properties of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s and these commonly studied polymers in terms of their suitability for biomedical applications.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• nosiče léků chemie   MeSH
• oxazoly chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• roztoky chemie   MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• nosiče léků MeSH
• oxazoly MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polymery MeSH
• roztoky MeSH
• voda MeSH

Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOx) represent a class of emerging polymers that can substitute or even outperform poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) standard in various applications. Despite the great advances in PAOx research, there is still a gap in the direct experimental comparison of antifouling properties between PAOx and the golden standard PEO when exposed to blood. Motivated by this, we developed a straightforward protocol for the one-pot PAOx polymerization and surface coating by a "grafting to-" approach. First, we synthesized a library of hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)s (PMeOx) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s (PEtOx) with molar mass ranging from 1.5 to 10 kg/mol (DP = 16-115). The PAOx living chains were directly terminated by amine and hydroxyl groups of polydopamine (PDA) anchor layer providing the highest so far reported grafting densities ranging from 0.2 to 2.1 chains/nm2. In parallel, PEO chains providing the same degree of polymerization (molar mass from 1.2 to 5 kg/mol, DP = 28-116) bearing thiol groups were grafted to PDA. The thickness, surface-related parameters, covalent structure, and antifouling properties of the resulting polymer brushes were determined via various surface sensitive techniques. The comparison of the synthesized PAOx and PEO brushes led us to the conclusion that at the same surface-related parameters, PMeOx brushes show significantly better antifouling character when challenged against human blood plasma.

• MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce účinky léků   MeSH
• krevní plazma účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• oxazoly chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• polyaminy chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• polymerizace MeSH
• polymery chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxazoly MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyaminy MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• polymery MeSH

Poly(2-oxazoline) is a promising new class of polymeric materials due to their antibiofouling properties and good biocompatibility. Poly(2-oxazoline) coatings can be deposited on different substrates via plasma polymerization, which can be more advantageous than other coating methods. The aim of this study is to deposit poly(2-oxazoline) coatings using a surface dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure using 2-methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline vapours as monomers and compare the film properties. For the comparison, the antibacterial and cytocompatibility tests were peformed according to ISO norms. The antibacterial tests showed that all the deposited films were highly active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical composition of the films was studied using FTIR and XPS, and the film surface's properties were studied using AFM and surface energy measurement. The cytocompatibility tests showed good cytocompatibility of all the deposited films. However, the films deposited from 2-methyl-2-oxazoline exhibit better cytocompatibility. This difference can be explained by the different chemical compositions and surface morphologies of the films deposited from different monomers.

• Klíčová slova
• antibiofouling, plasma polymer, poly(2-oxazoline),
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• oxazoly * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• polymerizace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2-methyl-2-oxazoline MeSH Prohlížeč
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• oxazoly * MeSH

Herein, we describe a new method for the synthesis of superhydrophilic poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOx) from poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx). A well-defined linear polyethylenimine was prepared from PEtOx by controlled acidic hydrolysis of its side-chains followed by reacylation with different carboxylic acids. Using this protocol, we obtained a series of new hydrophilic PAOx containing side-chain ether groups with potential in biomaterials science. The relative hydrophilicity of the polymers was assessed, revealing that poly(2-methoxymethyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOMeOx) is the most hydrophilic PAOx reported to date. Additionally, the amorphous poly(2-methoxy-ethoxy-ethoxymethyl-2-oxazoline) (PDEGOx) shows the lowest reported glass transition temperature (-25 °C) within the PAOx family to date. The biomedical potential of the prepared polymers was further fortified by an in vitro cytotoxicity study, where all polymers appeared to be noncytotoxic. The described synthetic protocol is universal and can be extremely versatile, especially for PAOx that are difficult to prepare by conventional cationic ring-opening polymerization due to the monomer interference and/or degradation.

• MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxazoly chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenimin chemie   MeSH
• tranzitní teplota MeSH
• vitrifikace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxazoly MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyethylenimin MeSH

Surface functionalization with biological macromolecules is an important task for the development of sensor materials, whereby the interaction with other biological materials should be suppressed. In this work, we developed a novel multifunctional poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-dithiolane conjugate as a versatile linker for gold surface immobilization of amine-containing biomolecules, containing poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as antifouling polymer, dithiolane for surface immobilization, and activated esters for protein conjugation. First, a well-defined carboxylic acid containing copoly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) was synthesized by cationic ring-opening copolymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline with a methyl ester-containing 2-oxazoline monomer, followed by postpolymerization modifications. The side-chain carboxylic groups were then converted to amine-reactive pentafluorophenyl (PFP) ester groups. Part of the PFP groups was used for the attachment of the dithiolane moiety, which can efficiently bind to gold surfaces. The final copolymer contained 1.4 mol% of dithiolane groups and 4.5 mol% of PFP groups. The copolymer structure was confirmed by several analytical techniques, including NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. The kinetics of the PFP ester aminolysis and hydrolysis demonstrated significantly faster amidation compared to hydrolysis, which is essential for subsequent protein conjugation. Successful coating of gold surfaces with the polymer was confirmed by spectroscopic ellipsometry, showing a polymer brush thickness of 4.77 nm. Subsequent modification of the coated surfaces was achieved using bovine serum albumin as a model protein. This study introduces a novel reactive polymer linker for gold surface functionalization and offers a versatile polymer platform for various applications including biosensing and surface functionalization.

• MeSH
• estery * chemie   MeSH
• polyaminy chemie   MeSH
• polymery * chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline MeSH Prohlížeč
• estery * MeSH
• poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyaminy MeSH
• polymery * MeSH

We designed and synthesized a new delivery system for the anticancer drug doxorubicin based on a biocompatible hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) carrier with linear architecture and narrow molar mass distribution. The drug is connected to the polymer backbone via an acid-sensitive hydrazone linker, which allows its triggered release in the tumor. The in vitro studies demonstrate successful cellular uptake of conjugates followed by release of the cytostatic cargo. In vivo experiments in EL4 lymphoma bearing mice revealed prolonged blood circulation, increased tumor accumulation and enhanced antitumor efficacy of the PEtOx conjugate having higher molecular weight (40 kDa) compared to the lower molecular weight (20 kDa) polymer. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer properties of the prepared PEtOx conjugates were critically compared with those of the analogous system based on the well-established PHPMA carrier. Despite the relatively slower intracellular uptake of PEtOx conjugates, resulting also in their lower cytotoxicity, there are no substantial differences in in vivo biodistribution and anti-cancer efficacy of both classes of polymer-Dox conjugates. Considering the synthetic advantages of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s, the presented study demonstrates their potential as a versatile alternative to well-known PEO- or PHPMA-based materials for construction of drug delivery systems.

• Klíčová slova
• Doxorubicin, Drug delivery, Hydrazone bond, Nanomedicine, Poly(2-oxazoline),
• MeSH
• akrylamidy chemie   MeSH
• doxorubicin chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• MFC-7 buňky MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nanomedicína metody   MeSH
• nosiče léků chemie   MeSH
• polyaminy chemie   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akrylamidy MeSH
• doxorubicin MeSH
• N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide MeSH Prohlížeč
• nosiče léků MeSH
• poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyaminy MeSH
• polymery MeSH

Among external stimuli used to trigger release of a drug from a polymeric carrier, ultrasound has gained increasing attention due to its non-invasive nature, safety and low cost. Despite this attention, there is only limited knowledge about how materials available for the preparation of drug carriers respond to ultrasound. This study investigates the effect of ultrasound on the release of a hydrophobic drug, dexamethasone, from poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelles. Spontaneous and ultrasound-mediated release of dexamethasone from five types of micelles made of poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers, composed of hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and hydrophobic poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) or poly(2-butyl-2-oxazoline-co-2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazoline), was studied. The release profiles were fitted by zero-order and Ritger-Peppas models. The ultrasound increased the amount of released dexamethasone by 6% to 105% depending on the type of copolymer, the amount of loaded dexamethasone, and the stimulation time point. This study investigates for the first time the interaction between different poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelle formulations and ultrasound waves, quantifying the efficacy of such stimulation in modulating dexamethasone release from these nanocarriers.

• MeSH
• dexamethason farmakokinetika   MeSH
• dynamický rozptyl světla MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• micely MeSH
• nosiče léků chemie   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• oxazoly chemie   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• systémy cílené aplikace léků metody   MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• ultrazvuk metody   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dexamethason MeSH
• micely MeSH
• nosiče léků MeSH
• oxazoly MeSH
• poly(2-oxazoline) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polymery MeSH