The placenta is the first organ to be created during mammalian development. As the main link between the mother and the fetus it has more diverse functions than any other organ, serving as a digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine, and immune system. The outer layer of the placenta, the trophoblast, plays a key role in fetal development by orchestrating all these functions. Recent research has associated perturbations of maternal conditions (such as malnutrition, stress or inflammation) with alterations of the trophoblasts' endocrine, transport and metabolic processes. As reviewed here, adaptations to these conditions enable the fetus to survive, but at the cost of permanently changing its physiology and structure. Moreover, these adaptations trigger fetal programming that increases predisposition to various pathological conditions in adult life, typically metabolic, cardiovascular or CNS diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Fetal development, Fetal programming, Placenta, Pregnancy, Trophoblast,
• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maternofetální výměna látek účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• placenta fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• trofoblasty cytologie   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vývoj plodu účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• xenobiotika toxicita   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• xenobiotika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The rapid increase in cannabis use during pregnancy-up by 170 % between 2009 and 2016-raises pressing concerns about its effects on fetal health, particularly on the delicate monoamine system within the fetoplacental unit, which is crucial for placental function and neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review explores the impact of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the monoamine system within the fetoplacental unit, with a focus on its implications for fetal development through the lens of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework. METHODS: A comprehensive search across multiple databases initially retrieved 18,252 papers. After rigorous screening, only 16 animal studies and 4 human studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings were synthesized to evaluate the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on neurotransmitter regulation, receptor function, and gene expression. RESULTS: Although no studies directly addressed the monoamine system in the placenta, animal models revealed significant disruptions in neurotransmitter regulation and neurodevelopmental changes following prenatal cannabis exposure. Human studies suggested potential cognitive and behavioral risks for offspring exposed in utero. CONCLUSION: This review exposes a critical gap in the literature on cannabis' effects on the placental monoamine system. While evidence points to notable neurodevelopmental risks, the scarcity of focused research underscores the need for further investigation to fully understand the implications of prenatal cannabis exposure.

• Klíčová slova
• Animal models, Cannabinoid, Cannabis, Dopamine, Fetal health, Monoamine system, Neurodevelopment, Pregnancy, Prenatal exposure, Serotonin, Tetrahydrocannabinol,
• MeSH
• biogenní monoaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• kanabinoidy * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• placenta * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vývoj plodu účinky léků   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biogenní monoaminy MeSH
• kanabinoidy * MeSH

Stress is associated with numerous chronic diseases, beginning in fetal development with in utero exposures (prenatal stress) impacting offspring's risk for disorders later in life. In previous studies, we demonstrated adverse maternal in utero immune activity on sex differences in offspring neurodevelopment at age seven and adult risk for major depression and psychoses. Here, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to maternal proinflammatory cytokines has sex-dependent effects on specific brain circuitry regulating stress and immune function in the offspring that are retained across the lifespan. Using a unique prenatal cohort, we tested this hypothesis in 80 adult offspring, equally divided by sex, followed from in utero development to midlife. Functional MRI results showed that exposure to proinflammatory cytokines in utero was significantly associated with sex differences in brain activity and connectivity during response to negative stressful stimuli 45 y later. Lower maternal TNF-α levels were significantly associated with higher hypothalamic activity in both sexes and higher functional connectivity between hypothalamus and anterior cingulate only in men. Higher prenatal levels of IL-6 were significantly associated with higher hippocampal activity in women alone. When examined in relation to the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10, the ratio TNF-α:IL-10 was associated with sex-dependent effects on hippocampal activity and functional connectivity with the hypothalamus. Collectively, results suggested that adverse levels of maternal in utero proinflammatory cytokines and the balance of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines impact brain development of offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner that persists across the lifespan.

• Klíčová slova
• functional brain imaging, prenatal immune programming, prenatal stress, sex, stress circuitry,
• MeSH
• cytokiny krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypothalamus diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• konektom * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• psychický stres diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to identify which prenatal ultrasonographic findings in fetuses with gastroschisis correlate with complicated postnatal outcome. METHODS: Ultrasound findings at the 30th week of pregnancy and medical reports were statistically analyzed to identify independent prenatal ultrasonographic predictors of postnatal outcome. RESULTS: Completed prenatal data were gathered from 64 pregnancies. Prenatal intra-abdominal bowel dilatation (cutoff 10 mm) correlated with the presence of atresia (p < 0.01), longer administration of parenteral nutrition, extended hospital stay (median 53 vs. 21 days; 68 vs. 36 days, both p < 0.05), and greater number of additional surgical procedures (p < 0.05). Infants with antenatal presence of thickened bowel wall (greater than or equal to 3 mm) required longer administration of parenteral nutrition (median 34 vs. 20 days; p < 0.01) and prolonged stay (median 44 vs. 37 days; p < 0.05). Presence of oligohydramnion (amniotic fluid index below 8 cm) was connected with longer administration of parenteral nutrition in newborns (median 30 vs. 16 days; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The isolated presence of oligohydramnion with amniotic fluid index below 8 cm, thickened bowel wall equal to or more than 3 mm and the prenatal intra-abdominal dilatation with 10 mm cutoff had significant predictive value for the adverse postnatal outcome of patients with gastroschisis.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gastroschiza diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• postnatální péče metody   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The horns of bicornic uterus in the rat develop from the middle parts of Müllerian ducts. Female rat fetuses for this study were taken on 16-21 days of gestation. On the 16th prenatal day the uterine part of Müllerian duct was short, lined with a columnar epithelium and basal lamina around the duct was incomplete. During further development the duct enlarged, epithelial cells became taller and basement membrane was formed. Until birth the epithelium remained relatively indifferent as far as the periductal mesenchyme. Contrary to the animals with a long gestational period and human, the differentiation of uterine wall including uterine mucosa in the rat takes place after birth.

• MeSH
• embryonální a fetální vývoj fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar embryologie   MeSH
• uterus embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study aimed to determine whether prenatal stress, measured by the number of stressful life events during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, might relate to mood dysregulation and altered brain structure in young adulthood. Participants included 93 young adults from a community-based birth cohort from the Czech Republic. Information on prenatal stress exposure was collected from their mothers in 1990-1992. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mood-related data were collected from the young adults in 2015. MRI analyses focused on overall gray matter (GM) volume and GM volume of cortical regions previously associated with major depression. Higher prenatal stress predicted more mood dysregulation, lower overall GM volume, and lower GM volume in mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus in young adulthood. We observed no prenatal stress by sex interactions for any of the relations. We conclude that prenatal stress is an important risk factor that relates to worse mood states and altered brain structure in young adulthood irrespective of sex. Our results point to the importance and long-lasting effects of prenatal programming and suggest that offspring of mothers who went through substantial stress during pregnancy might benefit from early intervention that would reduce the odds of mental illness in later life.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek patologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• psychický stres patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota patologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Approximately 60% of all human pregnancies terminate spontaneously before birth, mostly before being recognized. Exceptionally high prevalence of abnormalities has been found in this reproduction output. Original frequency of chromosomal (ChA) and developmental anomalies (DA) is not known, but may be very high. From 100 spontaneously aborted fetuses about 50 are ChA, approximately 70 are DA and only about 20 are without any pathological finding. Using data on ChA and DA distribution in newborns and those in abortuses--together with the knowledge on abortion rates in various gestation phases--the prenatal population structure may be reconstructed: in the pregnancy recognition phase about 7% ChA and 10-15% DA conceptuses remain in the population of surviving fetuses. Prenatal selection decreases gradually the frequency of anomalies to the values that are usually found in new-borns. The disappearance of particular anomalies is nonrandom, changing the malformation spectrum continually. The risk of prenatal elimination of the anomaly is not invariably proportional to the degree of phenotype damage of the fetus. Study of the hidden part of prenatal population offers the possibility to cover a considerably larger fraction of the whole reproduction output and supplies new valuable knowledge.

• MeSH
• embryonální a fetální vývoj fyziologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• samovolný potrat MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vrozené vady epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The main goal of this study was to analyse the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations that were diagnosed during prenatal diagnostics in the Czech Republic in 2016. We present a retrospective epidemiological analysis that is based on the official data from the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies that is run by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. Additional data were obtained actively from the departments of medical genetics and prenatal diagnostics under the guidance of the Czech Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics. In 2016 there were 577 cases of chromosomal aberrations identified during prenatal diagnostics in the Czech Republic. The most important group of aberrations were the three main autosomal trisomies - Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes which were identified in 64.8 % of cases. The most frequent of them was the Down syndrome, that was identified in 271 cases (47 % of all cases identified in 2016). Other aberrations (including the abnormalities of the gonosomes and other autosomal anomalies) were still identified in more than one third of cases, although the screening programs do not primarily focus on them. Combined screening in the first trimester and following prenatal diagnostics mostly identify main autosomal trisomies. Screening is currently the most important clinical referral for the invasive prenatal diagnostics procedures. We also observe important time trend of decreasing numbers of invasive diagnostics procedures - while the overall prenatal detection rate of chromosomal aberrations is not negatively affected. Keywords: hromosomal aberrations, prenatal diagnostics, prenatal screening.

• MeSH
• chromozomální aberace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza * MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r)-deficient mouse models exhibit obesity during adulthood. Here, we aim to determine the influence of the Mc4r gene on the liver of mice subjected to perinatal diet-induced obesity. Female mice heterozygous for Mc4r fed an obesogenic or a control diet for 5 weeks were mated with heterozygous males, with the same diet continued throughout pregnancy and lactation, generating four offspring groups: control wild type (C_wt), control knockout (C_KO), obese wild type (Ob_wt), and obese knockout (Ob_KO). At 21 days, offspring were genotyped, weaned onto a control diet, and sacrificed at 6 months old. Offspring phenotypic characteristics, plasma biochemical profile, liver histology, and hepatic gene expression were analyzed. Mc4r_ko offspring showed higher body, liver and adipose tissue weights respect to the wild type animals. Histological examination showed mild hepatic steatosis in offspring group C_KO. The expression of hepatic genes involved in regulating inflammation, fibrosis, and immune cell infiltration were upregulated by the absence of the Mc4r gene. These results demonstrate that maternal obesogenic feeding during the perinatal period programs offspring obesity development with involvement of the Mc4r system.

• Klíčová slova
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, developmental programming, intra-abdominal fat, maternal nutrition, obesity,
• MeSH
• alanintransaminasa krev   MeSH
• aspartátaminotransferasy krev   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy v mateřství * MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši obézní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obezita genetika   MeSH
• perinatální péče MeSH
• receptor melanokortinový typ 4 nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alanintransaminasa MeSH
• aspartátaminotransferasy MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• MC4R protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptor melanokortinový typ 4 MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Prenatal and postnatal paracetamol exposure has been previously associated with asthma development in childhood in Western populations. We explore the association between prenatal and postnatal paracetamol exposure and asthma development in a Central European sample of Czech children, suggesting possible additive effect of the both exposures. Furthermore, since aspirin had been used more widely during study data collection in Central Europe, we also compared asthma development for those exposed to paracetamol and aspirin. METHODS: We used data from 3329 children born in the 1990s as members of the prospective Czech European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Data about prenatal and postnatal paracetamol and aspirin exposure, and potential covariates were obtained from questionnaires completed by mothers. Data about incident asthma were obtained from paediatrician health records. RESULTS: 60.9% of children received paracetamol only postnatally, 1.5% only prenatally and 4.9% of children were exposed both during pregnancy and infancy. Prevalence of asthma in following population was 5% at 11 years. Being exposed to paracetamol both in prenatal and postnatal period was associated with asthma development (unadjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.87). Being exposed only in the postnatal period was also significantly associated with increased risk of asthma. No association between prenatal exposure only and outcome was found. A higher but non-significant risk of asthma was observed for those whose mothers used paracetamol during pregnancy compared with those who used aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings of this prospective birth cohort study add to previous observations linking prenatal and early postnatal paracetamol exposure to asthma development. However, the magnitude of effect is relatively modest, and therefore, we recommend paracetamol to remain the analgesic and antipyretic of choice throughout pregnancy and early childhood.

• Klíčová slova
• asthma, cohort studies, drug safety, epidemiology,
• MeSH
• bronchiální astma epidemiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• matky MeSH
• neopioidní analgetika škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• paracetamol škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• postnatální péče MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prenatální péče MeSH
• respirační zvuky etiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• neopioidní analgetika MeSH
• paracetamol MeSH