BACKGROUND: Until recently, members of the Cronobacter genus (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) were a relatively unknown cause of nosocomial infections. However, their association with infant infections, particularly through the consumption of contaminated reconstituted infant formula in neonatal intensive care units, has resulted in international efforts to improve neonatal health care. AIM: To investigate current understanding of this emergent group of bacterial pathogens and the steps taken to reduce neonatal infection. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken to determine current knowledge of the Cronobacter genus with respect to recent taxonomic revisions, sources and clinical relevance. FINDINGS: The majority of severe neonatal meningitis infections are associated with one of the 10 Cronobacter spp., the clonal complex known as C. sakazakii sequence type 4. International efforts by the Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the risk of neonatal infection by this organism have resulted in improved microbiological safety of powdered infant formula (PIF), but revised guidelines for feeding practices have been problematic. In addition, the majority of infections occur in the adult population and the sources are unknown. CONCLUSION: International improvements in the microbiological safety of PIF and advice on feeding practices have focused on improving neonatal health care following the heightened awareness of Cronobacter infections in this particular age group. These measures are also likely to reduce neonatal exposure to other opportunistic bacterial pathogens, but a number of unresolved issues remain with respect to the practicalities of feeding premature neonates safely while following WHO advice.

Department of Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK

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Screening of Antibiotic and Virulence Genes from Whole Genome Sequenced Cronobacter sakazakii Isolated from Food and Milk-Producing Environments

Profiling the Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated From Powdered and Dairy Formulas by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Milk

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples

Novel Method for Reliable Identification of Siccibacter and Franconibacter Strains: from "Pseudo-Cronobacter" to New Enterobacteriaceae Genera

The speciation and genotyping of Cronobacter isolates from hospitalised patients

Diversity of O Antigens within the Genus Cronobacter: from Disorder to Order