Aspergillus section Flavipedes contains species found worldwide in soils and rhizospheres, indoor and cave environments, as endophytes, food contaminants and occasionally as human pathogens. They produce many extensively studied bioactive secondary metabolites and biotechnologically relevant enzymes. The taxa were revised based on phylogenetic analysis of sequences from four loci (β-tubulin, calmodulin, RPB2, ITS rDNA), two PCR fingerprinting methods, micro- and macromorphology and physiology. Section Flavipedes includes three known and seven new species: A. ardalensis, A. frequens, A. luppii, A. mangaliensis, A. movilensis, A. polyporicola and A. spelaeus. The name A. neoflavipes was proposed for Fennellia flavipes a distinct species from its supposed asexual state A. flavipes. Aspergillus iizukae, A. frequens and A. mangaliensis are the most common and widely distributed species, whereas A. flavipes s. str. is rare. A dichotomous key based on the combination of morphology and physiology is provided for all recognized species. Aspergillus section Jani is established to contain A. janus and A. brevijanus, species previously classified as members of sect. Versicolores, Terrei or Flavipedes. This new section is strongly supported by phylogenetic data and morphology. Section Jani species produce three types of conidiophores and conidia, and colonies have green and white sectors making them distinctive. Accessory conidia found in pathogenic A. terreus were found in all members of sects. Flavipedes and Jani. Our data indicated that A. frequens is a clinically relevant and produces accessory conidia during infection.

Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research 1815 N University Street Peoria Illinois 61604

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Benátská 2 128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic and Institute of Microbiology AS CR v v i Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Benátská 2 128 01 Prague 2 Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology AS CR v v i Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic

EMSL Analytical Inc 200 Route 130 North Cinnaminson New Jersey 08077

Institute of Microbiology AS CR v v i Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic and Institute of Soil Biology Biology Centre AS CR v v i Na Sádkách 7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

References provided by Crossref.org

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Re-examination of species limits in Aspergillus section Flavipedes using advanced species delimitation methods and description of four new species

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Aspergillus is monophyletic: Evidence from multiple gene phylogenies and extrolites profiles

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Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus