Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus decided to keep Aspergillus instead of using smaller genera. In this paper, we present the arguments for this decision. We introduce new combinations for accepted species presently lacking an Aspergillus name and provide an updated accepted species list for the genus, now containing 339 species. To add to the scientific value of the list, we include information about living ex-type culture collection numbers and GenBank accession numbers for available representative ITS, calmodulin, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequences. In addition, we recommend a standard working technique for Aspergillus and propose calmodulin as a secondary identification marker.

Biodiversity Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0C6 Canada

CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Uppsalalaan 8 NL 3584 CT Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Botany Charles University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged H 6726 Szeged Hungary

Department of Systems Biology Building 221 Technical University of Denmark DK 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark

Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council 70126 Bari Italy

Korean Agricultural Culture Collection National Academy of Agricultural Science RDA Suwon South Korea

Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital 532 SZ Nijmegen The Netherlands

Medical Mycology Research Center Chiba University 1 8 1 Inohana Chuo ku Chiba 260 8673 Japan

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Adams T.H., Wieser J.K., Yu J.H. Asexual sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 1998;62:35–54. PubMed PMC

Amiri-Eliasi B., Fenselau C. Characterization of protein biomarkers desorbed by MALDI from whole fungal cells. Analytical Chemistry. 2001;73:5228–5231. PubMed

Apinis A.E. Dactylomyces and Thermoascus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1967;50:573–582.

Asgari B., Zare R., Zamanizadeh H.R. Aspergillus osmophilus sp. nov., and a new teleomorph for A. proliferans. Mycoscience. 2014;55:53–62.

Barrs V.R., van Doorn T.M., Houbraken J. Aspergillus felis sp. nov., an emerging agent of invasive aspergillosis in humans, cats, and dogs. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e64871. PubMed PMC

Berbee M.L., Yoshimura A., Sugiyama J. Is Penicillium monophyletic – an evaluation of phylogeny in the family Trichocomaceae from 18S, 5.8S and ITS ribosomal DNA-sequence data. Mycologia. 1995;87:210–222.

Bille E., Dauphin B., Leto J. MALDI-TOF MS Andromas strategy for the routine identification of bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts, Aspergillus spp. and positive blood cultures. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2011;18:1117–1125. PubMed

Blakeslee A. Lindner's roll tube method of separation cultures. Phytopathology. 1915;5:68–69.

Borneman A.R., Hynes M.J., Andrianopoulos A. The abaA homologue of Penicillium marneffei participates in two developmental programmes: conidiation and dimorphic growth. Molecular Microbiology. 2000;38:1034–1047. PubMed

Burrough E., Deitz K., Kinyon J. Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog due to Aspergillus alabamensis. Medical Mycology Case Reports. 2012;1:1–4. PubMed PMC

Chalupová J., Raus M., Sedlářová M. Identification of fungal microorganisms by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biotechnology Advances. 2014;32:230–241. PubMed

Clutterbuck J. A mutational analysis of conidial development in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics. 1969;63:317–327. PubMed PMC

De Carolis E., Posteraro B., Lass-Flörl C. Species identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucorales with direct surface analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2011;18:475–484. PubMed

Deak E., Nelson M., Hernández-Rodríguez Y. Aspergillus terreus accessory conidia are multinucleated, hyperpolarizing structures that display differential dectin staining and can induce heightened inflammatory responses in a pulmonary model of aspergillosis. Virulence. 2011;2:200–207. PubMed PMC

Deak E., Wilson S.D., White E. Aspergillus terreus accessory conidia are unique in surface architecture, cell wall composition and germination kinetics. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7673. PubMed PMC

Del Chierico F., Masotti A., Onori M. MALDI-TOF MS proteomic phenotyping of filamentous and other fungi from clinical origin. Journal of Proteomics. 2012;75:3314–3330. PubMed

Ding G., Jiang L., Guo L. Pestalazines and pestalamides, bioactive metabolites from the plant pathogenic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae. Journal of Natural Products. 2008;71:1861–1865. PubMed

Eamvijarn A., Manoch L., Chamswarng C. Aspergillus siamensis sp. nov. from soil in Thailand. Mycoscience. 2013;54:401–405.

Fort F., Guarro J. Cristaspora, a new genus of the Eurotiales. Mycologia. 1984;76:1115–1118.

Fries E.M. E. Mauritius; Gryphiswald: 1832. Systema Mycologicum.

Frisvad J.C. Physiological criteria and mycotoxin production as aids in identification of common asymmetric Penicillia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1981;41:568–579. PubMed PMC

Frisvad J.C. Halotolerant and halophilic fungi and their extrolite production. In: Gunde-Cimerman N., Oren A., Plemenitaš A., editors. Adaptation to life at high salt concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Springer Verlag; Dordrecht: 2005. pp. 425–439.

Frisvad J.C., Frank J.M., Houbraken J. New ochratoxin producing species of Aspergillus section Circumdati. Studies in Mycology. 2004;50:23–43.

Frisvad J.C., Larsen T.O., Thrane U. Fumonisin and ochratoxin production in industrial Aspergillus niger strains. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e23496. PubMed PMC

Frisvad J.C., Rank C., Nielsen K.F. Metabolomics of Aspergillus fumigatus. Medical Mycology. 2009;47:S53–S71. PubMed

Frisvad J.C., Samson R.A. Neopetromyces gen. nov. and an overview of teleomorphs of Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati. Studies in Mycology. 2000;45:201–208.

Frisvad J.C., Thrane U. Standardized high performance liquid chromatography of 182 mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites based on alkylphenone retention indices and UV-VIS spectra (diode array detection) Journal of Chromatography A. 1987;404:195–214. PubMed

Frisvad J.C., Thrane U. Liquid chromatography of mycotoxins. In: Betina V., editor. Chromatography of mycotoxins: techniques and applications. Journal of Chromatography Library 54. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1993. pp. 253–372.

Fujimoto H., Fujimaki T., Okuyama E. Immunomodulatory constituents from an ascomycete, Microascus tardifaciens. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999;47:1426–1432. PubMed

Gams W., Christensen M., Onions A.H. Infrageneric taxa of Aspergillus. In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics. Plenum Press; New York: 1985. pp. 55–62.

Geiser D.M., Samson R.A., Varga J. A review of molecular phylogenetics in Aspergillus and prospects for a robust genus-wide phylogeny. In: Varga K., Samson R.A., editors. Aspergillus in the genomic era. Academic Publishers; Wageningen: 2008. pp. 17–32.

Giancoli A.C.H., Azevedo J.L., Pizzinari-Kleiner A.A. Cytological characterization of an Aspergillus nidulans mutant from a strain with chromosomic duplication. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2010;41:264–269. PubMed PMC

Giancoli A.C.H., Pizzinari-Kleiner A.A. Conidiogenesis of deteriorated variant of the strain Abnc of Aspergillus nidulans. Scientia Agricola. 2004;61:401–406.

Glass N.L., Donaldson G.C. Development of premier sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous Ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995;61:1323–1330. PubMed PMC

Grove J.F. New metabolic products of Aspergillus flavus. Part. I. Asperentin, its methyl esters, and 5′-hydroxyasperentin. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I. 1972;1972:2400–2406. PubMed

Grove J.F. New metabolic products of Aspergillus flavus. Part. II. Asperflavin, anhydroasperflavin, and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I. 1972;1972:2406–2411. PubMed

Grove J.F. New metabolic products of Aspergillus flavus. Part. IV. 4′-hydroxy-asperentin, its and 5′-hydroxyasperentin 8-methyl ether. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I. 1973;1973:2704–2706. PubMed

Haller A. von. 1968. Historia stirpium indigenarum Helvetiae inchoata. Bernae. PubMed

Harris S.D. Evolution of modular conidiophore development in the aspergilli. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012;1273:1–6. PubMed

Hettick J.M., Green B.J., Buskirk A.D. Discrimination of Penicillium isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2008;22:2555–2560. PubMed

Hettick J.M., Kashon M.L., Slaven J.E. Discrimination of intact mycobacteria at the strain level: a combined MALDI-TOF MS and biostatistical analysis. Proteomics. 2006;6:6416–6425. PubMed

Hocking A.D., Pitt J.I. Dichloran-glycerol medium for enumeration of xerophilic fungi from low-moisture foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1980;39:488–492. PubMed PMC

Hoog G.S. de, Gerrits van den Ende A.H. Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes. Mycoses. 1998;41:183–189. PubMed

Hong S.B., Go S.J., Shin H.D. Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. Mycologia. 2005;97:1316–1329. PubMed

Hong S.B., Lee M.A., Kim D.H. Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov., from traditional Meju in Korea. Journal of Microbiology. 2012;50:712–714. PubMed

Hong S.B., Lee M.A., Kim D.H. Aspergillus luchuensis, an industrially important black Aspergillus in East Asia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e63769. PubMed PMC

Houbraken J., Samson R.A. Phylogeny of Penicillium and the segregation of Trichocomaceae into three families. Studies in Mycology. 2011;70:1–51. PubMed PMC

Houbraken J., Spierenburg H., Frisvad J.C. Rasamsonia, a new genus comprising thermotolerant and thermophilic Talaromyces and Geosmithia species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2012;101:403–421. PubMed PMC

Houbraken J., Vries R.P. de, Samson R.A. Modern taxonomy of biotechnologically important Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 2014;86:199–249. PubMed

Hubka V., Kolarik M. β-tubulin paralogue tubC is frequently misidentified as the benA gene in Aspergillus section Nigri taxonomy: primer specificity testing and taxonomic consequences. Persoonia. 2012;29:1–10. PubMed PMC

Hubka V., Kolarik M., Kubatova A. Taxonomic revision of Eurotium and transfer of species to Aspergillus. Mycologia. 2013;105:912–937. PubMed

Hubka V., Nováková A., Kolarík A. Revision of Aspergillus section Flavipedes: seven new species and proposal of section Jani sect. nov. Mycologia. 2014 In press. PubMed

Hubka V., Peterson S.W., Frisvad J.C. Aspergillus waksmanii sp. nov. and Aspergillus marvanovae sp. nov., two closely related species in section Fumigati. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2013;63:783–789. PubMed

Iriart X., Lavergne R.A., Fillaux J. Routine identification of medical fungi by the new Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight system with a new time-effective strategy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50:2107–2110. PubMed PMC

Kildgaard S., Mansson M., Dosen I. Accurate dereplication of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi by UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS and MS/HRMS library. Marine Drugs. 2014;12:3681–3705. PubMed PMC

Kim D.H., Kim S.H., Kwon S.W. Aspergillus cumulatus sp. nov., from rice straw and air for Meju fermentation. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2014;24:334–336. PubMed

Klich M.A. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; Utrecht: 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species.

Klitgaard A., Iversen A., Andersen M.R. Aggressive dereplication using UHPLC-DAD-QTOF – screening extracts for up to 3000 fungal secondary metabolites. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2014;406:1933–1943. PubMed PMC

Kolecka A., Khayhan K., Groenewald M. Identification of medically relevant species of arthroconidial yeasts by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013;51:2491–2500. PubMed PMC

Kozakiewicz Z., Frisvad J.C., Hawksworth D.L. Proposals for nomina specifica conservanda and rejicienda in Aspergillus and Penicillium (Fungi) Taxon. 1992;41:109–113.

Kwasna H., Behnke-Borowczyk J. Goidanichiella sphaerospora, the world's second record. Acta Mycologica. 2010;45:33–35.

Librado P., Rozas J. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:1451–1452. PubMed

Liu Y.J., Whelen S., Hall B.D. Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1999;16:1799–1808. PubMed

Locquin-Linard M. Fennellia monodii, nouvelle espece d'Ascomycete coprophile de zones arides Africaines. Mycotaxon. 1990;39:9–15.

Lowe D.A. Fungal enzymes. In: Arora D.K., Elander R.P., Murekji K.G., editors. Handbook of applied mycology. Vol. 4. Marcel Dekker Inc.; New York: 1992. pp. 681–706. (Fungal biotechnology).

Mahmoodian A., Stickings C.E. Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms. 115. Metabolites of Penicillium frequentans Westling: isolation of sulochrin, asterric acid and (+)-bisdechlorogeodin and two new substituted anthraquinones, questin and questinol. Biochemical Journal. 1964;92:369–378. PubMed PMC

Masclaux F., Guého E., Hoog G.S. de. Phylogenetic relationships of human-pathogenic Cladosporium (Xylohypha) species inferred from partial LS rRNA sequences. Medical Mycology. 1995;33:327–338. PubMed

Matsuzawa T., Horie Y., Abliz P. Aspergillus huiyaniae sp. nov., a teleomorphic species in sect. Fumigati isolated from desert soil in China. Mycoscience. 2014;55:213–220.

Matsuzawa T., Takaki G.M.C., Yaguchi T. Two new species of Aspergillus section Fumigati isolated from caatinga soil in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mycoscience. 2014;55:79–88.

McNeill J., Barrie F.F., Buck W.R., editors. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Koeltz Scientific Books; Königstein: 2012. [Regnum vegetabile no. 154.]

Micheli P.A. 1729. Nova plantarvm genera ivxta Tovrnefortii methodvm disposita. Florence.

Miller B. Brushing up on bristles: complex genes and morphogenesis in molds. Trends in Genetics. 1993;9:293–295. PubMed

Nielsen K.F., Månsson M., Rank C. Dereplication of microbial natural products by LC-DAD-TOFMS. Journal of Natural Products. 2011;74:2338–2348. PubMed

Nielsen K.F., Mogensen J.M., Johansen M. Review of secondary metabolites and mycotoxins from the Aspergillus niger group. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009;395:1225–1246. PubMed

Nielsen M.L., Nielsen J.B., Rank C. A genome-wide polyketide synthase deletion library uncovers novel genetic links to polyketides and meroterpenoids in Aspergillus nidulans. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011;321:157–166. PubMed

Norvell L.L. Melbourne approves a new code. Mycotaxon. 2011;116:481–490.

Nováková A., Hubka V., Dudová Z. New species in Aspergillus section Fumigati from reclamation sites in Wyoming (U.S.A.) and revision of A. viridinutans complex. Fungal Diversity. 2014;64:253–274.

Nylander A.J.J., Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology. 2004;53:47–67. PubMed

Ogawa M., Tokuoka M., Jin F.J. Genetic analysis of conidiation pathways in koji-mold Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2010;47:10–18. PubMed

Ogawa H., Yoshimura A., Sugiyama J. Polyphyletic origins of species of the anamorphic genus Geosmithia and the relationships of the cleistothecial genera: evidence from 18S, 5S and 28S rDNA sequence analyses. Mycologia. 1997;89:756–771.

Okuda T. Variation in colony characteristics of Penicillium strains resulting from minor variations in culture conditions. Mycologia. 1994;86:259–262.

Okuda T., Klich M.A., Seifert K.A. Media and incubation effect on morphological characteristics of Penicillium and Aspergillus. In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Harwood Academic Publishers; Amsterdam: 2000. pp. 83–99.

Peterson S.W. Phylogenetic analysis of Aspergillus sections Cremei and Wentii, based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological Research. 1995;99:1349–1355.

Peterson S.W. Phylogenetic relationships in Aspergillus based on rDNA sequence analysis. In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Harwood Academic Publishers; Amsterdam: 2000. pp. 323–355.

Peterson S.W. Phylogenetic analyses of Aspergillus species using DNA sequences from four loci. Mycologia. 2008;100:205–226. PubMed

Peterson S.W., Varga J., Frisvad J.C. Phylogeny and subgeneric taxonomy of Aspergillus. In: Varga J., Samson R.A., editors. Aspergillus in the genomic era. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen: 2008. pp. 33–56.

Peterson S.W., Vega F.E., Posada F. Penicillium coffeae, a new endophytic species isolated from a coffee plant and its phylogenetic relationship to P. fellutanum, P. thiersii and P. brocae based on parsimony analysis of multilocus DNA sequences. Mycologia. 2005;97:659–666. PubMed

Pitt J.I. Academic Press Inc; London: 1979. The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces.

Pitt J.I., Hocking A.D. Academic Press; Sydney: 1985. Fungi and food spoilage.

Pitt J.I., Hocking A.D. Springer; US: 2009. Fungi and food spoilage.

Pitt J.I., Samson R.A. Names in current use in the family Trichocomaceae. In: Greuter W., editor. Names in current use in the family Trichocomaceae, Cladoniaceae, Pinaceae, and Lemnaceae. Koeltz Scientific Books; Konigstein, Germany: 1993. pp. 13–57.

Pitt J.I., Samson R.A., Frisvad J.C. List of accepted species and their synonyms in the family Trichocomaceae. In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Harwood Academic Publishers; Amsterdam: 2000. pp. 9–79.

Pitt J.I., Taylor J.W. Aspergillus and the ICN. Mycologia. 2014 In press. PubMed

Pore R.S., Larsh H.W. Experimental pathology of Aspergillus terreus-flavipes group species. Sabouraudia. 1968;6:89–93. PubMed

Rank C., Nielsen K.F., Larsen T.O. Distribution of sterigmatocystin in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biology. 2011;115:406–420. PubMed

Raper K.B., Fennell D.I. Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore: 1965. The genus Aspergillus.

Raper K.B., Thom C. The Williams & Wilkins Company; Baltimore: 1949. A manual of the penicillia.

Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics. 2003;19:1572–1574. PubMed

Saito K. Studies on the fungi in the Orient. Journal of Fermentation Technology. 1949;27:120–122.

Saitou N., Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1987;4:406–425. PubMed

Samson R.A., Gams W. Typification of the species of Aspergillus and associated teleomorphs. In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics. Plenum Press; New York: 1985. pp. 31–54.

Samson R.A., Houbraken J., Thrane U. CBS KNAW Biodiversity Center; Utrecht: 2010. Food and indoor fungi.

Samson R.A., Varga J., Meijer M. New taxa in Aspergillus section Usti. Studies in Mycology. 2011;69:81–97. PubMed PMC

Samson R.A., Varga J., Witiak S.M. The species concept in Aspergillus: recommendations of an international panel. Studies in Mycology. 2007;59:71–73. PubMed PMC

Schier N., Liese R., Fischer R. A Pcl-like cyclin of Aspergillus nidulans is transcriptionally activated by developmental regulators and is involved in sporulation. Molecular and Cell Biology. 2001;21:4075–4088. PubMed PMC

Schoch C.L., Robbertse B., Robert V. Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi. Database. 2014;2014:1–21. PubMed PMC

Schoch C.L., Seifert K.A., Huhndorf S. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012;109:6241–6246. PubMed PMC

Schroers H.J., Geldenhuis M.M., Wingfield M.J. Classification of the guava wilt fungus Myxosporium psidii, the palm pathogen Gliocladium vermoesenii and the persimmon wilt fungus Acremonium diospyri in Nalanthamala. Mycologia. 2005;97:375–395. PubMed

Scott D.B. Dichotomomyces cejpii (Milko) comb. nov. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1970;55:313–316.

Seifert K., Morgan-Jones G., Gams W., Kendrick B. CBS KNAW Biodiversity Center; Utrecht: 2011. The genera of Hyphomycetes.

Siegrist T.J., Anderson P.D., Huen W.H. Discrimination and characterization of environmental strains of Escherichia coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2007;68:554–562. PubMed

Sigl C., Haas H., Specht T. Among developmental regulators, StuA but not BrlA is essential for penicillin V production in Penicillium chrysogenum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2011;77:972–982. PubMed PMC

Sigler L., Sutton D.A., Gibas C.F.E. Phialosimplex, a new anamorphic genus associated with infections in dogs and having phylogenetic affinity to the Trichocomaceae. Medical Mycology. 2010;48:335–345. PubMed

Smedsgaard J. Micro-scale extraction procedure for standardized screening of fungal metabolite production in cultures. Journal of Chromatography A. 1997;760:264–270. PubMed

Smith G. Polypaecilum gen. nov. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1961;44:437–440.

Stamatakis A. RaxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014 PubMed PMC

Stchigel A.M., Guarro J. A reassessment of cleistothecia as a taxonomic character. Mycological Research. 2007;111:1100–1115. PubMed

Stolk A.C., Malla D.S. Penicillium inflatum sp. nov. Persoonia. 1971;6:197–200.

Tamura K., Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1993;10:512–526. PubMed

Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2011;28:2731–2739. PubMed PMC

Tamura M., Kawahara K., Sugiyama J. Molecular phylogeny of Aspergillus and associated teleomorphs in the Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales) In: Samson R.A., Pitt J.I., editors. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Harwood Academic Publishers; Amsterdam: 2000. pp. 357–372.

Thom C., Raper K.B. The Williams & Wilkins Company; Baltimore: 1945. A manual of the Aspergilli.

Thompson J.D., Higgins D.G., Gibson T.J. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research. 1994;22:4673–4680. PubMed PMC

Udagawa S., Uchiyama S. Neocarpenteles: a new ascomycete genus to accommodate Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus. Mycoscience. 2002;43:3–6.

Varga J., Due M., Frisvad J.C., Samson R.A. Taxonomic revision of Aspergillus section Clavati based on molecular, morphological and physiological data. Studies in Mycology. 2007;59:89–106. PubMed PMC

Varga J., Frisvad J.C., Samson R.A. Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Candidi based on molecular, morphological and physiological data. Studies in Mycology. 2007;59:75–88. PubMed PMC

Varga J., Frisvad J.C., Samson R.A. Two new aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi. Studies in Mycology. 2011;69:57–80. PubMed PMC

Varga J., Tóth B., Rigó K. Phylogenetic analysis of Aspergillus section Circumdati based on sequences of the internal transcribed specer regions of the 5.8 S rRNA gene. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2000;30:71–80. PubMed

Verwer P.E.B., Leeuwen W.B., Girard V. Discrimination of Aspergillus lentulus from Aspergillus fumigatus by Raman spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2013;33:245–251. PubMed

Visagie C.M., Houbraken J., Frisvad J.C. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology. 2014;78:343–371. PubMed PMC

Visagie C.M., Varga J., Houbraken J. Ochratoxin production and taxonomy of the yellow aspergilli (Aspergillus section Circumdati) Studies in Mycology. 2014;78:1–61. PubMed PMC

Wang S., Li X.-L., Teuscher F. Chaetopyranin, a benzaldehyde derivative, and other related metabolites from Chaetomium globosum, an endoiphytic fungus derived from the marine red alaga Polysiphonia urceolata. Journal of Natural Products. 2006;69:1622–1625. PubMed

Wang W.-L., Lu Z.-Y., Tao H.-W. Isoechinulin-type alkaloids, variecolorin A-L, from halotolerant Aspergillus variecolor. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70:1558–1564. PubMed

Welham K.J., Domin M.A., Johnson K. Characterization of fungal spores by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2000;14:307–310. PubMed

White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M.A., Gelfand D.H., Shinsky T.J., White T.J., editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press Inc; New York: 1990. pp. 315–322.

Ye X.S., Fincher R.R., Tang A. The G2/M DNA damage checkpoint inhibits mitosis through Tyr15 phosphorylation of p34cdc2 in Aspergillus nidulans. EMBO Journal. 1997;16:182–192. PubMed PMC

Ye X.S., Lee S.L., Wolkow T.D. Interaction between developmental and cell cycle regulators is required for morphogenesis in Aspergillus nidulans. EMBO Journal. 1999;18:6994–7001. PubMed PMC

Ye Y.H., Zhu H.L., Song Y.C. Structural revision of aspernigrin A, reisolated from Cladosporium herbarum IFB-E002. Journal of Natural Products. 2005;68:1106–1108. PubMed

Yilmaz N., Houbraken J., Hoekstra E.S. Delimitation and characterization of Talaromyces purpurogenus and related species. Persoonia. 2012;29:39–54. PubMed PMC

Yilmaz N., Visagie C.M., Houbraken J. Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Talaromyces. Studies in Mycology. 2014;78:175–341. PubMed PMC

Yu J.H. Regulation of development in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycobiology. 2010;38:229–237. PubMed PMC

Yu J.H., Mah J.H., Seo J.A. Growth and developmental control in the model and pathogenic aspergilli. Eukaryotic Cell. 2006;5:1577–1584. PubMed PMC

Zhang M., Wang W.-L., Fang Y.-C. Cytotoxic alkaloids and antibiotic nordammaranes from the amrine-derived fungusa Aspergillus sydowi. Journal of Natural Products. 2008;71:985–989. PubMed

A review of recently introduced Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and other Eurotiales species

A monograph of Aspergillus section Candidi

Taxonomy of Aspergillus series Versicolores: species reduction and lessons learned about intraspecific variability

Re-examination of species limits in Aspergillus section Flavipedes using advanced species delimitation methods and description of four new species

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins

A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

Genetic Diversity, Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin Profiles of Strains of Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Dried Vine Fruits

Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species

Fungal Planet description sheets: 868-950

Taxonomy of Aspergillus section Flavi and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins

Unravelling species boundaries in the Aspergillus viridinutans complex (section Fumigati): opportunistic human and animal pathogens capable of interspecific hybridization

Fungal Planet description sheets: 716-784

Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden species within a common fungal parasite of ladybirds

Competing sexual and asexual generic names in Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota) and recommendations for use

Proven Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Stem Cell Transplant Recipient Due to Aspergillus sublatus, a Cryptic Species of A. nidulans

Azole-Resistance in Aspergillus terreus and Related Species: An Emerging Problem or a Rare Phenomenon?

Fungal Planet description sheets: 625-715

Phylogeny of xerophilic aspergilli (subgenus Aspergillus) and taxonomic revision of section Restricti

Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Aspergillus (formerly Eurotium), and its occurrence in indoor environments and food