We investigated ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in raisin samples purchased from Slovak markets and determined the diversity of black-spored aspergilli as potential OTA and fumonisin (FB1 and FB2) producers. The taxonomic identification was performed using sequences of the nuclear ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region, the calmodulin and beta-tubulin genes. We obtained 239 isolates from eight fungal genera, of which 197 belonged to Aspergillus (82%) and 42 strains (18%) to other fungal genera. OTA contamination was evidenced in 75% of the samples and its level ranged from 0.8 to 10.6 µg/kg. The combination of all three markers used enabled unambiguous identification of A. carbonarius, A. luchuensis, A. niger, A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae. The dominant coloniser, simultaneously having the highest within-species diversity isolated from our raisin samples, was A. tubingensis. Out of all analysed strains, only A. carbonarius was found to produce OTA, but in relatively high quantity (2477-4382 µg/kg). The production of FB1 and FB2 was evidenced in A. niger strains only.

Department of Botany Charles University Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacy School of Medicine University of Naples Federico 2 Staff of Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development 801 31 Napoli Italy

Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 SK 842 15 Bratislava 4 Slovakia

Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 SK 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia

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