Human adenoviruses (HAdV; species HAdV-A to -G) are highly prevalent in the human population, and represent an important cause of morbidity and, to a lesser extent, mortality. Recent studies have identified close relatives of these viruses in African great apes, suggesting that some HAdV may be of zoonotic origin. We analyzed more than 800 fecal samples from wild African great apes and humans to further investigate the evolutionary history and zoonotic potential of hominine HAdV. HAdV-B and -E were frequently detected in wild gorillas (55%) and chimpanzees (25%), respectively. Bayesian ancestral host reconstruction under discrete diffusion models supported a gorilla and chimpanzee origin for these viral species. Host switches were relatively rare along HAdV evolution, with about ten events recorded in 4.5 My. Despite presumably rare direct contact between sympatric populations of the two species, transmission events from gorillas to chimpanzees were observed, suggesting that habitat and dietary overlap may lead to fecal-oral cross-hominine transmission of HAdV. Finally, we determined that two independent HAdV-B transmission events to humans occurred more than 100,000 years ago. We conclude that HAdV-B circulating in humans are of zoonotic origin and have probably affected global human health for most of our species lifetime.

Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake Bouake Côte d'Ivoire

College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Conservation and Ecosystem Health Alliance Kampala Uganda

Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology Ecology and Evolution Emory University Department of Environmental Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University

Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany Taï Chimpanzee Project Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire

Division 12 Measles Mumps Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany

Division 12 Measles Mumps Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany

Division of Neurobiology Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Germany Centre for Research and Conservation Royal Zooological Society of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany

Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale Libreville Gabon

Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo

Institute of Biology University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland Budongo Conservation Field Station Masindi Uganda School of Psychology University of St Andrews St Andrews Scotland United Kingdom

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic Department of Pathology and Parasitology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic Biology Centre Institute of Parasitology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic Liberec Zoo Liberec Czech Republic

International Gorilla Conservation Program Kigali Rwanda

North Carolina Zoological Park Asheboro NC

World Wildlife Foundation Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas Bangui Central African Republic

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Cytomegalovirus distribution and evolution in hominines

Codetection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Habituated Wild Western Lowland Gorillas and Humans During a Respiratory Disease Outbreak