21 PAHs, 27 oxy-PAHs and 32 nitro-PAHs were measured every third day over a year in both gaseous (G) and particulate PM10 (P) phases in ambient air of Grenoble (France). Mean total concentrations (G+P) of PAHs and oxy-PAHs were in the same range and about 10ngm(-3). Nitro-PAHs were 50 to 100 times less concentrated averaging 100pgm(-3). Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) concentrations were 5 to 7 times higher in "cold" period (October to March) than in "warm" period (April to September). Seasonal variations may be explained by higher primary emissions from residential heating, especially biomass burning in "cold" season. Meteorological conditions and influence of the geomorphology around Grenoble, with the formation of thermal inversion layers leading to the stagnation of pollutants, were additional key parameters. Maximum individual PAC concentrations were observed during two PM10 pollution events in December and February-March. Chemical processes and secondary formation of oxy- and nitro-PAH were probably enhanced by the accumulation of the pollutants during these events. PAC gas/particle partitioning depended on compound molecular weight and vapour pressure. Gas/particle partitioning of oxy- and nitro-PAHs were evaluated using a multi-phase poly-parameter linear free energy relationship model. The PAC cancer risk was assessed using toxic equivalency factors available in the literature (19 PAHs, 10 nitro-PAHs and 1 oxy-PAH). Overall, particle-bound PACs contributed about 76% of the cancer risk. While PAHs accounted for most of the total PAC cancer risk, oxy- and nitro-PAHs could account for up to 24%. The risk quantification across substance classes is limited by toxicological data availability.

CNRS EPOC UMR 5805 F 33405 Talence Cedex France; Université de Bordeaux EPOC UMR 5805 F 33405 Talence Cedex France

Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques Parc Technologique Alata BP2 60550 Verneuil en Halatte France

Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques Parc Technologique Alata BP2 60550 Verneuil en Halatte France; CNRS EPOC UMR 5805 F 33405 Talence Cedex France; Université de Bordeaux EPOC UMR 5805 F 33405 Talence Cedex France

Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysiques de l'Environnement Université de Grenoble Alpes CNRS Grenoble France

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department Mainz Germany

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department Mainz Germany; Masaryk University Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Brno Czech Republic

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