BACKGROUND: Vasopressors and inotropes remain a cornerstone in stabilization of the severely impaired hemodynamics and cardiac output in cardiogenic shock (CS). The aim of this study was to analyze current real-life use of these medications, and their impact on outcome and on changes in cardiac and renal biomarkers over time in CS. METHODS: The multinational CardShock study prospectively enrolled 219 patients with CS. The use of vasopressors and inotropes was analyzed in relation to the primary outcome, i.e., 90-day mortality, with propensity score methods in 216 patients with follow-up data available. Changes in cardiac and renal biomarkers over time until 96 hours from baseline were analyzed with linear mixed modeling. RESULTS: Patients were 67 (SD 12) years old, 26 % were women, and 28 % had been resuscitated from cardiac arrest prior to inclusion. On average, systolic blood pressure was 78 (14) and mean arterial pressure 57 (11) mmHg at detection of shock. 90-day mortality was 41 %. Vasopressors and/or inotropes were administered to 94 % of patients and initiated principally within the first 24 hours. Noradrenaline and adrenaline were given to 75 % and 21 % of patients, and 30 % received several vasopressors. In multivariable logistic regression, only adrenaline (21 %) was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality (OR 5.2, 95 % CI 1.88, 14.7, p = 0.002). The result was independent of prior cardiac arrest (39 % of patients treated with adrenaline), and the association remained in propensity-score-adjusted analysis among vasopressor-treated patients (OR 3.0, 95 % CI 1.3, 7.2, p = 0.013); this was further confirmed by propensity-score-matched analysis. Adrenaline was also associated, independent of prior cardiac arrest, with marked worsening of cardiac and renal biomarkers during the first days. Dobutamine and levosimendan were the most commonly used inotropes (49 % and 24 %). There were no differences in mortality, whether noradrenaline was combined with dobutamine or levosimendan. CONCLUSION: Among vasopressors and inotropes, adrenaline was independently associated with 90-day mortality in CS. Moreover, adrenaline use was associated with marked worsening in cardiac and renal biomarkers. The combined use of noradrenaline with either dobutamine or levosimendan appeared prognostically similar.

Department of Cardiology University of Porto CINTESIS Porto Medical School São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal

Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine University of Rome Sapienza Emergency Medicine Sant'Andrea Hospital Rome Italy

Department of Social Research Faculty of Social Sciences Centre for Research Methods University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Division of Cardiology Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Sciences and Public Health University and Civil Hospital of Brescia Brescia Italy

Division of Cardiology Heart and Lung Center University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland

Emergency Medicine University of Helsinki and Department of Emergency Medicine and Services Helsinki University Hospital PO Box 340 00029 HUS Helsinki Finland

Heart Failure Clinic and Secondary Cardiology Department Attikon University Hospital Athens Greece

INSERM U942 Hopital Lariboisiere APHP and University Paris Diderot Paris France

Institute of Cardiology Intensive Cardiac Therapy Clinic Warsaw Poland

Intensive Cardiac Care Unit Cardiology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau Barcelona Spain

Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Division of Heart Failure Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Transplantation Copenhagen Denmark

Crit Care. 2016 Sep 20;20:289. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1465-4. PubMed

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