The movement of nuclear DNA from one vascular plant species to another in the absence of fertilization is thought to be rare. Here, nonnative rRNA gene [ribosomal DNA (rDNA)] copies were identified in a set of 16 diploid barley (Hordeum) species; their origin was traceable via their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence to five distinct Panicoideae genera, a lineage that split from the Pooideae about 60 Mya. Phylogenetic, cytogenetic, and genomic analyses implied that the nonnative sequences were acquired between 1 and 5 Mya after a series of multiple events, with the result that some current Hordeum sp. individuals harbor up to five different panicoid rDNA units in addition to the native Hordeum rDNA copies. There was no evidence that any of the nonnative rDNA units were transcribed; some showed indications of having been silenced via pseudogenization. A single copy of a Panicum sp. rDNA unit present in H. bogdanii had been interrupted by a native transposable element and was surrounded by about 70 kbp of mostly noncoding sequence of panicoid origin. The data suggest that horizontal gene transfer between vascular plants is not a rare event, that it is not necessarily restricted to one or a few genes only, and that it can be selectively neutral.

Experimental Taxonomy Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research D 06466 Gatersleben Germany

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 16500 Czech Republic

German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biophysics The Czech Academy of Sciences Brno 61265 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice 25243 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice 25243 Czech Republic;

Institute of Experimental Botany Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic

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The Dynamic Interplay Between Ribosomal DNA and Transposable Elements: A Perspective From Genomics and Cytogenetics

Intragenomic rDNA variation - the product of concerted evolution, mutation, or something in between?

Horizontally Acquired nrDNAs Persist in Low Amounts in Host Hordeum Genomes and Evolve Independently of Native nrDNA

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