Transcranial noninvasive brain stimulation includes both repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). TMS uses a rapidly changing magnetic field to induce currents and action potentials in underlying brain tissue, whereas tDCS involves the application of weak electrical currents to modulate neuronal membrane potential. In this chapter, we provide a literature review with a focus on the therapeutic potential of both techniques in the treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). On the whole, the results of studies are rather preliminary but promising as they show some positive effects of rTMS and tDCS particularly on depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions in PD. More carefully controlled trials with standardized methodology, adequately sized and well-characterized samples, and the inclusion of multimodal approaches are warranted in the future.

School of Medicine and Movement Disorders Center St Anne's University Hospital Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic; Applied Neuroscience Research Group Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC MU Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

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Modulation of Working Memory and Resting-State fMRI by tDCS of the Right Frontoparietal Network

Theta Burst Stimulation Enhances Connectivity of the Dorsal Attention Network in Young Healthy Subjects: An Exploratory Study