Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in the ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity and phenotypic plasticity, P. australis has an extensive ecological amplitude and a great capacity to acclimate to adverse environmental conditions; it can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses to global change. Here we review the ecology and ecophysiology of prominent P. australis lineages and their responses to multiple forms of global change. Key findings of our review are that: (1) P. australis lineages are well-adapted to regions of their phylogeographic origin and therefore respond differently to changes in climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists of populations that may occur in geographically different habitats and contain multiple genotypes; (3) the phenotypic plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of a genotype determine the responses to global change factors; (4) genotypes with high plasticity to environmental drivers may acclimate or even vastly expand their ranges, genotypes of medium plasticity must acclimate or experience range-shifts, and those with low plasticity may face local extinction; (5) responses to ancillary types of global change, like shifting levels of soil salinity, flooding, and drought, are not consistent within lineages and depend on adaptation of individual genotypes. These patterns suggest that the diverse lineages of P. australis will undergo intense selective pressure in the face of global change such that the distributions and interactions of co-occurring lineages, as well as those of genotypes within-lineages, are very likely to be altered. We propose that the strong latitudinal clines within and between P. australis lineages can be a useful tool for predicting plant responses to climate change in general and present a conceptual framework for using P. australis lineages to predict plant responses to global change and its consequences.

Aquatic Biology Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao China

Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy

Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA United States

Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr PA United States

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Entomology Kansas State University Manhattan KS United States

Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Temple University Ambler PA United States

Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston RI United States

Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT United States

Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czechia

Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity School of Life Sciences Shandong University Jinan China

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD United States

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