Plants, like other multicellular organisms, survive through a delicate balance between growth and defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is a major defense signal in plants, and the perception mechanism as well as downstream signaling activating the immune response are known. Here, we identify a parallel SA signaling that mediates growth attenuation. SA directly binds to A subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), inhibiting activity of this complex. Among PP2A targets, the PIN2 auxin transporter is hyperphosphorylated in response to SA, leading to changed activity of this important growth regulator. Accordingly, auxin transport and auxin-mediated root development, including growth, gravitropic response, and lateral root organogenesis, are inhibited. This study reveals how SA, besides activating immunity, concomitantly attenuates growth through crosstalk with the auxin distribution network. Further analysis of this dual role of SA and characterization of additional SA-regulated PP2A targets will provide further insights into mechanisms maintaining a balance between growth and defense.

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 263 165 02 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University 9052 Ghent Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology VIB 9052 Ghent Belgium

Institute of Science and Technology Austria Am Campus 1 3400 Klosterneuburg Austria

Institute of Science and Technology Austria Am Campus 1 3400 Klosterneuburg Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Institute of Science and Technology Austria Am Campus 1 3400 Klosterneuburg Austria; Laboratory of Growth Regulators The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University Faculty of Science Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Institute of Science and Technology Austria Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria

Laboratory of Growth Regulators The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University Faculty of Science Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Laboratory of Growth Regulators The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University Faculty of Science Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacký University tř 17 listopadu 1192 12 CZ 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic

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