Lebiasinidae fishes have been historically neglected by cytogenetical studies. Here we present a genomic comparison in eleven Lebiasinidae species, in addition to a review of the ribosomal DNA sequences distribution in this family. With that, we develop ten sets of experiments in order to hybridize the genomic DNA of representative species from the genus Copeina, Copella, Nannostomus, and Pyrrhulina in metaphase plates of Lebiasina melanoguttata. Two major pathways on the chromosomal evolution of these species can be recognized: (i) conservation of 2n = 36 bi-armed chromosomes in Lebiasininae, as a basal condition, and (ii) high numeric and structural chromosomal rearrangements in Pyrrhulininae, with a notable tendency towards acrocentrization. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) distribution also revealed a marked differentiation during the chromosomal evolution of Lebiasinidae, since both single and multiple sites, in addition to a wide range of chromosomal locations can be found. With some few exceptions, the terminal position of 18S rDNA appears as a common feature in Lebiasinidae-analyzed species. Altogether with Ctenoluciidae, this pattern can be considered a symplesiomorphism for both families. In addition to the specific repetitive DNA content that characterizes the genome of each particular species, Lebiasina also keeps inter-specific repetitive sequences, thus reinforcing its proposed basal condition in Lebiasinidae.

Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa PB 58033 455 Brazil

Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Técnica de Machala Machala 070151 Ecuador

Institute of Human Genetics University Hospital Jena Jena 07747 Germany

Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos SP 13565 905 Brazil

Laboratório de Genética Animal Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus AM 69067 375 Brazil

Laboratory of Fish Genetics Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences 27721 Liběchov Czech Republic

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP 04263 000 Brazil

Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Mato Grosso SEDUC MT Cuiabá MT 78049 909 Brazil

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