BACKGROUND: Headache is a common complication of traumatic brain injury. The International Headache Society defines post-traumatic headache as a secondary headache attributed to trauma or injury to the head that develops within seven days following trauma. Acute post-traumatic headache resolves after 3 months, but persistent post-traumatic headache usually lasts much longer and accounts for 4% of all secondary headache disorders. MAIN BODY: The clinical features of post-traumatic headache after traumatic brain injury resemble various types of primary headaches and the most frequent are migraine-like or tension-type-like phenotypes. The neuroimaging studies that have compared persistent post-traumatic headache and migraine found different structural and functional brain changes, although migraine and post-traumatic headache may be clinically similar. Therapy of various clinical phenotypes of post-traumatic headache almost entirely mirrors the therapy of the corresponding primary headache and are currently based on expert opinion rather than scientific evidence. Pharmacologic therapies include both abortive and prophylactic agents with prophylaxis targeting comorbidities, especially impaired sleep and post-traumatic disorder. There are also effective options for non-pharmacologic therapy of post-traumatic headache, including cognitive-behavioral approaches, onabotulinum toxin injections, life-style considerations, etc. CONCLUSION: Notwithstanding some phenotypic similarities, persistent post-traumatic headache after traumatic brain injury, is considered a separate phenomenon from migraine but available data is inconclusive. High-quality studies are further required to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of this secondary headache, in order to identify new targets for treatment and to prevent disability.

Department of Child Neuropsychiatry A R N A S Civico P O Giovanni di Cristina Ospedale dei Bambini Palermo Italy

Department of Child Neuropsychiatry University of Palermo Palermo Italy

Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Neurology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Neurology Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid Valladolid Spain

Department of Neurology St Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Neurology University of Health Sciences Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey

Department of Neurology Zdorovie Clinic Tomsk Russia

Department of Systems Medicine Neurology Unit University of Rome Tor Vergata Tor Vergata Hospital Rome Italy

Diomid Gherman Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Headache Centre and Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy Chișinău Republic of Moldova

Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Health Sciences Department University of Florence and Headache Centre Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy

Neurology Unit Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia Brescia Italy

University Clinic of Nervous Diseases Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russian Federation

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