: Hematological malignancies comprise over a hundred different types of cancers and account for around 6.5% of all cancers. Despite the significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment, many of those cancers remain incurable. In recent years, cancer cell-based therapy has become a promising approach to treat those incurable hematological malignancies with striking results in different clinical trials. The most investigated, and the one that has advanced the most, is the cell-based therapy with T lymphocytes modified with chimeric antigen receptors. Those promising initial results prepared the ground to explore other cell-based therapies to treat patients with blood cancer. In this review, we want to provide an overview of the different types of cell-based therapies in blood cancer, describing them according to the cell source.

Department of Haematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava 708 52 Czech Republic

Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava 703 00 Czech Republic

Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava 701 03 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2014. [(accessed on 22 May 2020)]; Available online: https://seer.cancer.gov.

DeSantis C.E., Miller K.D., Dale W., Mohile S.G., Cohen H.J., Leach C.R., Goding Sauer A., Jemal A., Siegel R.L. Cancer statistics for adults aged 85 years and older, 2019. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2019;69:452–467. doi: 10.3322/caac.21577. PubMed DOI

Oostindie S.C., van der Horst H.J., Kil L.P., Strumane K., Overdijk M.B., van den Brink E.N., van den Brakel J.H.N., Rademaker H.J., van Kessel B., van den Noort J., et al. DuoHexaBody-CD37((R)), a novel biparatopic CD37 antibody with enhanced Fc-mediated hexamerization as a potential therapy for B-cell malignancies. Blood Cancer J. 2020;10:30. doi: 10.1038/s41408-020-0292-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Bonello F., D’Agostino M., Moscvin M., Cerrato C., Boccadoro M., Gay F. CD38 as an immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2018;18:1209–1221. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1544240. PubMed DOI

Salles G., Barrett M., Foa R., Maurer J., O’Brien S., Valente N., Wenger M., Maloney D.G. Rituximab in B-Cell Hematologic Malignancies: A Review of 20 Years of Clinical Experience. Adv. Ther. 2017;34:2232–2273. doi: 10.1007/s12325-017-0612-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Gottardi M., Mosna F., de Angeli S., Papayannidis C., Candoni A., Clavio M., Tecchio C., Piccin A., dell’Orto M.C., Benedetti F., et al. Clinical and experimental efficacy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol. Rep. 2017;9:7029. doi: 10.4081/hr.2017.7028. PubMed DOI PMC

Abdallah N., Kumar S.K. Daratumumab in untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Ther. Adv. Hematol. 2019;10:2040620719894871. doi: 10.1177/2040620719894871. PubMed DOI PMC

Mori Y., Choi I., Yoshimoto G., Muta T., Yamasaki S., Tanimoto K., Kamimura T., Iwasaki H., Ogawa R., Akashi K., et al. Phase I/II study of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone treatment for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Int. J. Hematol. 2020;111:673–680. doi: 10.1007/s12185-020-02833-w. PubMed DOI

Fathi E., Farahzadi R., Sheervalilou R., Sanaat Z., Vietor I. A general view of CD33(+) leukemic stem cells and CAR-T cells as interesting targets in acute myeloblatsic leukemia therapy. Blood Res. 2020;55:10–16. doi: 10.5045/br.2020.55.1.10. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee H.R., Baek K.H. Role of natural killer cells for immunotherapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (Review) Oncol. Rep. 2019;41:2625–2635. doi: 10.3892/or.2019.7059. PubMed DOI

Van Acker H.H., Versteven M., Lichtenegger F.S., Roex G., Campillo-Davo D., Lion E., Subklewe M., Van Tendeloo V.F., Berneman Z.N., Anguille S. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J. Clin. Med. 2019;8:579. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050579. PubMed DOI PMC

Maude S.L., Laetsch T.W., Buechner J., Rives S., Boyer M., Bittencourt H., Bader P., Verneris M.R., Stefanski H.E., Myers G.D., et al. Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018;378:439–448. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709866. PubMed DOI PMC

Song W., Zhang M. Use of CAR-T cell therapy, PD-1 blockade, and their combination for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Clin. Immunol. 2020;214:108382. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108382. PubMed DOI

Bollard C.M., Gottschalk S., Torrano V., Diouf O., Ku S., Hazrat Y., Carrum G., Ramos C., Fayad L., Shpall E.J., et al. Sustained complete responses in patients with lymphoma receiving autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane proteins. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014;32:798–808. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.51.5304. PubMed DOI PMC

Gross G., Waks T., Eshhar Z. Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1989;86:10024–10028. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10024. PubMed DOI PMC

Abate-Daga D., Davila M.L. CAR models: Next-generation CAR modifications for enhanced T-cell function. Mol. Ther. Oncolytics. 2016;3:16014. doi: 10.1038/mto.2016.14. PubMed DOI PMC

Davila M.L., Riviere I., Wang X., Bartido S., Park J., Curran K., Chung S.S., Stefanski J., Borquez-Ojeda O., Olszewska M., et al. Efficacy and toxicity management of 19-28z CAR T cell therapy in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci. Transl. Med. 2014;6:224ra225. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008226. PubMed DOI PMC

Drent E., Poels R., Ruiter R., van de Donk N., Zweegman S., Yuan H., de Bruijn J., Sadelain M., Lokhorst H.M., Groen R.W.J., et al. Combined CD28 and 4-1BB Costimulation Potentiates Affinity-tuned Chimeric Antigen Receptor-engineered T Cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019;25:4014–4025. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2559. PubMed DOI PMC

Chmielewski M., Abken H. TRUCKs: The fourth generation of CARs. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2015;15:1145–1154. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1046430. PubMed DOI

Zhao J., Song Y., Liu D. Clinical trials of dual-target CAR T cells, donor-derived CAR T cells, and universal CAR T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2019;12:17. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0705-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Cho J.H., Collins J.J., Wong W.W. Universal Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Multiplexed and Logical Control of T Cell Responses. Cell. 2018;173:1426–1438. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.038. PubMed DOI PMC

Lohmueller J.J., Ham J.D., Kvorjak M., Finn O.J. mSA2 affinity-enhanced biotin-binding CAR T cells for universal tumor targeting. Oncoimmunology. 2017;7:e1368604. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1368604. PubMed DOI PMC

Brentjens R.J., Riviere I., Park J.H., Davila M.L., Wang X., Stefanski J., Taylor C., Yeh R., Bartido S., Borquez-Ojeda O., et al. Safety and persistence of adoptively transferred autologous CD19-targeted T cells in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy refractory B-cell leukemias. Blood. 2011;118:4817–4828. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-348540. PubMed DOI PMC

MacKay M. CARGlobalTrials. [(accessed on 22 May 2020)]; Available online: https://carglobaltrials.com/

Maude S.L., Frey N., Shaw P.A., Aplenc R., Barrett D.M., Bunin N.J., Chew A., Gonzalez V.E., Zheng Z., Lacey S.F., et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014;371:1507–1517. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407222. PubMed DOI PMC

Vairy S., Garcia J.L., Teira P., Bittencourt H. CTL019 (tisagenlecleucel): CAR-T therapy for relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2018;12:3885–3898. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S138765. PubMed DOI PMC

Raje N., Berdeja J., Lin Y., Siegel D., Jagannath S., Madduri D., Liedtke M., Rosenblatt J., Maus M.V., Turka A., et al. Anti-BCMA CAR T-Cell Therapy bb2121 in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019;380:1726–1737. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1817226. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang W.Y., Wang Y., Guo Y.L., Dai H.R., Yang Q.M., Zhang Y.J., Zhang Y., Chen M.X., Wang C.M., Feng K.C., et al. Treatment of CD20-directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor-modified T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: An early phase IIa trial report. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2016;1:16002. doi: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.2. PubMed DOI PMC

Fry T.J., Shah N.N., Orentas R.J., Stetler-Stevenson M., Yuan C.M., Ramakrishna S., Wolters P., Martin S., Delbrook C., Yates B., et al. CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy. Nat. Med. 2018;24:20–28. doi: 10.1038/nm.4441. PubMed DOI PMC

Ramos C.A., Ballard B., Zhang H., Dakhova O., Gee A.P., Mei Z., Bilgi M., Wu M.F., Liu H., Grilley B., et al. Clinical and immunological responses after CD30-specific chimeric antigen receptor-redirected lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 2017;127:3462–3471. doi: 10.1172/JCI94306. PubMed DOI PMC

Ritchie D.S., Neeson P.J., Khot A., Peinert S., Tai T., Tainton K., Chen K., Shin M., Wall D.M., Honemann D., et al. Persistence and efficacy of second generation CAR T cell against the LeY antigen in acute myeloid leukemia. Mol. Ther. 2013;21:2122–2129. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.154. PubMed DOI PMC

Picanco-Castro V., Moco P.D., Mizukami A., Vaz L.D., de Souza Fernandes Pereira M., Silvestre R.N., de Azevedo J.T.C., de Sousa Bomfim A., de Abreu Neto M.S., Malmegrim K.C.R., et al. Establishment of a simple and efficient platform for car-t cell generation and expansion: From lentiviral production to in vivo studies. Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.htct.2019.06.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Pampusch M.S., Haran K.P., Hart G.T., Rakasz E.G., Rendahl A.K., Berger E.A., Connick E., Skinner P.J. Rapid Transduction and Expansion of Transduced T Cells with Maintenance of Central Memory Populations. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 2020;16:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.09.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Schlimgen R., Howard J., Wooley D., Thompson M., Baden L.R., Yang O.O., Christiani D.C., Mostoslavsky G., Diamond D.V., Duane E.G., et al. Risks Associated With Lentiviral Vector Exposures and Prevention Strategies. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;58:1159–1166. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000879. PubMed DOI PMC

Kebriaei P., Singh H., Huls M.H., Figliola M.J., Bassett R., Olivares S., Jena B., Dawson M.J., Kumaresan P.R., Su S., et al. Phase I trials using Sleeping Beauty to generate CD19-specific CAR T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2016;126:3363–3376. doi: 10.1172/JCI86721. PubMed DOI PMC

Morita D., Nishio N., Saito S., Tanaka M., Kawashima N., Okuno Y., Suzuki S., Matsuda K., Maeda Y., Wilson M.H., et al. Enhanced Expression of Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor in piggyBac Transposon-Engineered T Cells. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 2018;8:131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.12.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Eyquem J., Mansilla-Soto J., Giavridis T., van der Stegen S.J., Hamieh M., Cunanan K.M., Odak A., Gonen M., Sadelain M. Targeting a CAR to the TRAC locus with CRISPR/Cas9 enhances tumour rejection. Nature. 2017;543:113–117. doi: 10.1038/nature21405. PubMed DOI PMC

Janssen E.M., Lemmens E.E., Wolfe T., Christen U., von Herrath M.G., Schoenberger S.P. CD4+ T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Nature. 2003;421:852–856. doi: 10.1038/nature01441. PubMed DOI

Berger C., Jensen M.C., Lansdorp P.M., Gough M., Elliott C., Riddell S.R. Adoptive transfer of effector CD8+ T cells derived from central memory cells establishes persistent T cell memory in primates. J. Clin. Invest. 2008;118:294–305. doi: 10.1172/JCI32103. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu Y., Zhang M., Ramos C.A., Durett A., Liu E., Dakhova O., Liu H., Creighton C.J., Gee A.P., Heslop H.E., et al. Closely related T-memory stem cells correlate with in vivo expansion of CAR.CD19-T cells and are preserved by IL-7 and IL-15. Blood. 2014;123:3750–3759. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-552174. PubMed DOI PMC

Golubovskaya V., Wu L. Different Subsets of T Cells, Memory, Effector Functions, and CAR-T Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2016;8:36. doi: 10.3390/cancers8030036. PubMed DOI PMC

Chavez J.C., Bachmeier C., Kharfan-Dabaja M.A. CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphomas: Clinical trial results of available products. Ther. Adv. Hematol. 2019;10:2040620719841581. doi: 10.1177/2040620719841581. PubMed DOI PMC

Depil S., Duchateau P., Grupp S.A., Mufti G., Poirot L. ‘Off-the-shelf’ allogeneic CAR T cells: Development and challenges. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2020;19:185–199. doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0051-2. PubMed DOI

Bonifant C.L., Jackson H.J., Brentjens R.J., Curran K.J. Toxicity and management in CAR T-cell therapy. Mol. Ther. Oncolytics. 2016;3:16011. doi: 10.1038/mto.2016.11. PubMed DOI PMC

Yu S., Yi M., Qin S., Wu K. Next generation chimeric antigen receptor T cells: Safety strategies to overcome toxicity. Mol. Cancer. 2019;18:125. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1057-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Diaconu I., Ballard B., Zhang M., Chen Y., West J., Dotti G., Savoldo B. Inducible Caspase-9 Selectively Modulates the Toxicities of CD19-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells. Mol. Ther. 2017;25:580–592. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.011. PubMed DOI PMC

Gargett T., Brown M.P. The inducible caspase-9 suicide gene system as a “safety switch” to limit on-target, off-tumor toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Front. Pharmacol. 2014;5:235. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00235. PubMed DOI PMC

Griffioen M., van Egmond E.H., Kester M.G., Willemze R., Falkenburg J.H., Heemskerk M.H. Retroviral transfer of human CD20 as a suicide gene for adoptive T-cell therapy. Haematologica. 2009;94:1316–1320. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2008.001677. PubMed DOI PMC

Paszkiewicz P.J., Frassle S.P., Srivastava S., Sommermeyer D., Hudecek M., Drexler I., Sadelain M., Liu L., Jensen M.C., Riddell S.R., et al. Targeted antibody-mediated depletion of murine CD19 CAR T cells permanently reverses B cell aplasia. J. Clin. Invest. 2016;126:4262–4272. doi: 10.1172/JCI84813. PubMed DOI PMC

Grada Z., Hegde M., Byrd T., Shaffer D.R., Ghazi A., Brawley V.S., Corder A., Schonfeld K., Koch J., Dotti G., et al. TanCAR: A Novel Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptor for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 2013;2:e105. doi: 10.1038/mtna.2013.32. PubMed DOI PMC

Yuan X., Wu H., Xu H., Xiong H., Chu Q., Yu S., Wu G.S., Wu K. Notch signaling: An emerging therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett. 2015;369:20–27. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.048. PubMed DOI

Fedorov V.D., Themeli M., Sadelain M. PD-1- and CTLA-4-based inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors (iCARs) divert off-target immunotherapy responses. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013;5:215ra172. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006597. PubMed DOI PMC

Wu C.Y., Roybal K.T., Puchner E.M., Onuffer J., Lim W.A. Remote control of therapeutic T cells through a small molecule-gated chimeric receptor. Science. 2015;350:aab4077. doi: 10.1126/science.aab4077. PubMed DOI PMC

Garrido F., Perea F., Bernal M., Sanchez-Palencia A., Aptsiauri N., Ruiz-Cabello F. The Escape of Cancer from T Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance: HLA Class I Loss and Tumor Tissue Architecture. Vaccines (Basel) 2017;5:7. doi: 10.3390/vaccines5010007. PubMed DOI PMC

Paul S., Lal G. The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol. 2017;8:1124. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124. PubMed DOI PMC

Jaiswal S.R., Zaman S., Nedunchezhian M., Chakrabarti A., Bhakuni P., Ahmed M., Sharma K., Rawat S., O’Donnell P., Chakrabarti S. CD56-enriched donor cell infusion after post-transplantation cyclophosphamide for haploidentical transplantation of advanced myeloid malignancies is associated with prompt reconstitution of mature natural killer cells and regulatory T cells with reduced incidence of acute graft versus host disease: A pilot study. Cytotherapy. 2017;19:531–542. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.12.006. PubMed DOI

Williams B.A., Law A.D., Routy B., denHollander N., Gupta V., Wang X.H., Chaboureau A., Viswanathan S., Keating A. A phase I trial of NK-92 cells for refractory hematological malignancies relapsing after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation shows safety and evidence of efficacy. Oncotarget. 2017;8:89256–89268. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.19204. PubMed DOI PMC

Maki G., Klingemann H.G., Martinson J.A., Tam Y.K. Factors regulating the cytotoxic activity of the human natural killer cell line, NK-92. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 2001;10:369–383. doi: 10.1089/152581601750288975. PubMed DOI

Masuyama J., Murakami T., Iwamoto S., Fujita S. Ex vivo expansion of natural killer cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells co-stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies. Cytotherapy. 2016;18:80–90. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.09.011. PubMed DOI

Herrera L., Santos S., Vesga M.A., Anguita J., Martin-Ruiz I., Carrascosa T., Juan M., Eguizabal C. Adult peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood NK cells are good sources for effective CAR therapy against CD19 positive leukemic cells. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:18729. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55239-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Herrera L., Salcedo J.M., Santos S., Vesga M.A., Borrego F., Eguizabal C. OP9 Feeder Cells Are Superior to M2-10B4 Cells for the Generation of Mature and Functional Natural Killer Cells from Umbilical Cord Hematopoietic Progenitors. Front. Immunol. 2017;8:755. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00755. PubMed DOI PMC

Nianias A., Themeli M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Lymphocytes for Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Challenges. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep. 2019;14:261–268. doi: 10.1007/s11899-019-00528-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Topfer K., Cartellieri M., Michen S., Wiedemuth R., Muller N., Lindemann D., Bachmann M., Fussel M., Schackert G., Temme A. DAP12-based activating chimeric antigen receptor for NK cell tumor immunotherapy. J. Immunol. 2015;194:3201–3212. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400330. PubMed DOI

Jiang H., Zhang W., Shang P., Zhang H., Fu W., Ye F., Zeng T., Huang H., Zhang X., Sun W., et al. Transfection of chimeric anti-CD138 gene enhances natural killer cell activation and killing of multiple myeloma cells. Mol. Oncol. 2014;8:297–310. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Tang X., Yang L., Li Z., Nalin A.P., Dai H., Xu T., Yin J., You F., Zhu M., Shen W., et al. First-in-man clinical trial of CAR NK-92 cells: Safety test of CD33-CAR NK-92 cells in patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2018;8:1083–1089. PubMed PMC

Liu E., Marin D., Banerjee P., Macapinlac H.A., Thompson P., Basar R., Nassif Kerbauy L., Overman B., Thall P., Kaplan M., et al. Use of CAR-Transduced Natural Killer Cells in CD19-Positive Lymphoid Tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:545–553. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910607. PubMed DOI PMC

Carlsten M., Childs R.W. Genetic Manipulation of NK Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy: Techniques and Clinical Implications. Front. Immunol. 2015;6:266. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00266. PubMed DOI PMC

Colamartino A.B.L., Lemieux W., Bifsha P., Nicoletti S., Chakravarti N., Sanz J., Romero H., Selleri S., Beland K., Guiot M., et al. Efficient and Robust NK-Cell Transduction With Baboon Envelope Pseudotyped Lentivector. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:2873. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02873. PubMed DOI PMC

Ingegnere T., Mariotti F.R., Pelosi A., Quintarelli C., De Angelis B., Tumino N., Besi F., Cantoni C., Locatelli F., Vacca P., et al. Human CAR NK Cells: A New Non-viral Method Allowing High Efficient Transfection and Strong Tumor Cell Killing. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:957. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00957. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang J., Lupo K.B., Chambers A.M., Matosevic S. Purinergic targeting enhances immunotherapy of CD73(+) solid tumors with piggyBac-engineered chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells. J. Immunother. Cancer. 2018;6:136. doi: 10.1186/s40425-018-0441-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Steinman R.M., Cohn Z.A. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J. Exp. Med. 1973;137:1142–1162. doi: 10.1084/jem.137.5.1142. PubMed DOI PMC

Ma Y., Shurin G.V., Peiyuan Z., Shurin M.R. Dendritic cells in the cancer microenvironment. J. Cancer. 2013;4:36–44. doi: 10.7150/jca.5046. PubMed DOI PMC

Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004;4:941–952. doi: 10.1038/nri1498. PubMed DOI

Timmerman J.M., Czerwinski D.K., Davis T.A., Hsu F.J., Benike C., Hao Z.M., Taidi B., Rajapaksa R., Caspar C.B., Okada C.Y., et al. Idiotype-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination for B-cell lymphoma: Clinical and immune responses in 35 patients. Blood. 2002;99:1517–1526. doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.5.1517. PubMed DOI

Kokhaei P., Choudhury A., Mahdian R., Lundin J., Moshfegh A., Osterborg A., Mellstedt H. Apoptotic tumor cells are superior to tumor cell lysate, and tumor cell RNA in induction of autologous T cell response in B-CLL. Leukemia. 2004;18:1810–1815. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403517. PubMed DOI

Ho V.T., Vanneman M., Kim H., Sasada T., Kang Y.J., Pasek M., Cutler C., Koreth J., Alyea E., Sarantopoulos S., et al. Biologic activity of irradiated, autologous, GM-CSF-secreting leukemia cell vaccines early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:15825–15830. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908358106. PubMed DOI PMC

Van Driessche A., Van de Velde A.L., Nijs G., Braeckman T., Stein B., De Vries J.M., Berneman Z.N., Van Tendeloo V.F. Clinical-grade manufacturing of autologous mature mRNA-electroporated dendritic cells and safety testing in acute myeloid leukemia patients in a phase I dose-escalation clinical trial. Cytotherapy. 2009;11:653–668. doi: 10.1080/14653240902960411. PubMed DOI

Roddie H., Klammer M., Thomas C., Thomson R., Atkinson A., Sproul A., Waterfall M., Samuel K., Yin J., Johnson P., et al. Phase I/II study of vaccination with dendritic-like leukaemia cells for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 2006;133:152–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.05997.x. PubMed DOI

Tel J., Anguille S., Waterborg C.E., Smits E.L., Figdor C.G., de Vries I.J. Tumoricidal activity of human dendritic cells. Trends Immunol. 2014;35:38–46. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhou L.J., Tedder T.F. CD14+ blood monocytes can differentiate into functionally mature CD83+ dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996;93:2588–2592. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2588. PubMed DOI PMC

Fidler I.J. Inhibition of pulmonary metastasis by intravenous injection of specifically activated macrophages. Cancer Res. 1974;34:1074–1078. PubMed

Andreesen R., Hennemann B., Krause S.W. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using monocyte-derived macrophages: Rationale, current status, and perspectives. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1998;64:419–426. doi: 10.1002/jlb.64.4.419. PubMed DOI

Stevenson H.C., Keenan A.M., Woodhouse C., Ottow R.T., Miller P., Steller E.P., Foon K.A., Abrams P.G., Beman J., Larson S.M., et al. Fate of gamma-interferon-activated killer blood monocytes adoptively transferred into the abdominal cavity of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cancer Res. 1987;47:6100–6103. PubMed

Quillien V., Moisan A., Lesimple T., Leberre C., Toujas L. Biodistribution of 111indium-labeled macrophages infused intravenously in patients with renal carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2001;50:477–482. doi: 10.1007/s002620100224. PubMed DOI PMC

Ruffell B., Affara N.I., Coussens L.M. Differential macrophage programming in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Immunol. 2012;33:119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2011.12.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Squadrito M.L., De Palma M. Macrophage regulation of tumor angiogenesis: Implications for cancer therapy. Mol. Aspects Med. 2011;32:123–145. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.04.005. PubMed DOI

Kan O., Day D., Iqball S., Burke F., Grimshaw M.J., Naylor S., Binley K. Genetically modified macrophages expressing hypoxia regulated cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase for the treatment of cancer. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2011;27:173–180. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2010.583. PubMed DOI

Basel M.T., Balivada S., Shrestha T.B., Seo G.M., Pyle M.M., Tamura M., Bossmann S.H., Troyer D.L. A cell-delivered and cell-activated SN38-dextran prodrug increases survival in a murine disseminated pancreatic cancer model. Small. 2012;8:913–920. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101879. PubMed DOI PMC

Hagemann T., Lawrence T., McNeish I., Charles K.A., Kulbe H., Thompson R.G., Robinson S.C., Balkwill F.R. “Re-educating” tumor-associated macrophages by targeting NF-kappaB. J. Exp. Med. 2008;205:1261–1268. doi: 10.1084/jem.20080108. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang T.D., Choi W., Yoon T.H., Lee K.J., Lee J.S., Joo J.H., Lee M.G., Yim H.S., Choi K.M., Kim B., et al. In vivo photothermal treatment by the peritumoral injection of macrophages loaded with gold nanoshells. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2016;7:185–193. doi: 10.1364/BOE.7.000185. PubMed DOI PMC

Morrissey M.A., Williamson A.P., Steinbach A.M., Roberts E.W., Kern N., Headley M.B., Vale R.D. Chimeric antigen receptors that trigger phagocytosis. Elife. 2018;7 doi: 10.7554/eLife.36688. PubMed DOI PMC

Van Tendeloo V.F., Van de Velde A., Van Driessche A., Cools N., Anguille S., Ladell K., Gostick E., Vermeulen K., Pieters K., Nijs G., et al. Induction of complete and molecular remissions in acute myeloid leukemia by Wilms’ tumor 1 antigen-targeted dendritic cell vaccination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2010;107:13824–13829. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008051107. PubMed DOI PMC

Rosenblatt J., Avivi I., Vasir B., Uhl L., Munshi N.C., Katz T., Dey B.R., Somaiya P., Mills H., Campigotto F., et al. Vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor fusions following autologous stem cell transplant induces immunologic and clinical responses in multiple myeloma patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013;19:3640–3648. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0282. PubMed DOI PMC

van de Loosdrecht A.A., van Wetering S., Santegoets S., Singh S.K., Eeltink C.M., den Hartog Y., Koppes M., Kaspers J., Ossenkoppele G.J., Kruisbeek A.M., et al. A novel allogeneic off-the-shelf dendritic cell vaccine for post-remission treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2018;67:1505–1518. doi: 10.1007/s00262-018-2198-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Neelapu S.S., Locke F.L., Bartlett N.L., Lekakis L.J., Miklos D.B., Jacobson C.A., Braunschweig I., Oluwole O.O., Siddiqi T., Lin Y., et al. Axicabtagene Ciloleucel CAR T-Cell Therapy in Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017;377:2531–2544. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707447. PubMed DOI PMC

Yan Z., Cao J., Cheng H., Qiao J., Zhang H., Wang Y., Shi M., Lan J., Fei X., Jin L., et al. A combination of humanised anti-CD19 and anti-BCMA CAR T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: A single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6:e521–e529. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30115-2. PubMed DOI

Lavergne M., Janus-Bell E., Schaff M., Gachet C., Mangin P.H. Platelet Integrins in Tumor Metastasis: Do They Represent a Therapeutic Target? Cancers (Basel) 2017;9:133. doi: 10.3390/cancers9100133. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang Y., Liu G., Wei J., Nie G. Platelet membrane-based and tumor-associated platelettargeted drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Front. Med. 2018;12:667–677. doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0583-y. PubMed DOI

Xu P., Zuo H., Chen B., Wang R., Ahmed A., Hu Y., Ouyang J. Corrigendum: Doxorubicin-loaded platelets as a smart drug delivery system: An improved therapy for lymphoma. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:44974. doi: 10.1038/srep44974. PubMed DOI PMC

Grozovsky R., Giannini S., Falet H., Hoffmeister K.M. Regulating billions of blood platelets: Glycans and beyond. Blood. 2015;126:1877–1884. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-569129. PubMed DOI PMC

Janowska-Wieczorek A., Wysoczynski M., Kijowski J., Marquez-Curtis L., Machalinski B., Ratajczak J., Ratajczak M.Z. Microvesicles derived from activated platelets induce metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2005;113:752–760. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20657. PubMed DOI

Gasic G.J., Gasic T.B., Galanti N., Johnson T., Murphy S. Platelet-tumor-cell interactions in mice. The role of platelets in the spread of malignant disease. Int. J. Cancer. 1973;11:704–718. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910110322. PubMed DOI

Cho M.S., Bottsford-Miller J., Vasquez H.G., Stone R., Zand B., Kroll M.H., Sood A.K., Afshar-Kharghan V. Platelets increase the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Blood. 2012;120:4869–4872. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438598. PubMed DOI PMC

Radziwon-Balicka A., Medina C., O’Driscoll L., Treumann A., Bazou D., Inkielewicz-Stepniak I., Radomski A., Jow H., Radomski M.W. Platelets increase survival of adenocarcinoma cells challenged with anticancer drugs: Mechanisms and implications for chemoresistance. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2012;167:787–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01991.x. PubMed DOI PMC

Tran C., Damaser M.S. Stem cells as drug delivery methods: Application of stem cell secretome for regeneration. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2015;82–83:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Kavari S.L., Shah K. Engineered stem cells targeting multiple cell surface receptors in tumors. Stem Cells. 2020;38:34–44. doi: 10.1002/stem.3069. PubMed DOI PMC

van Rood J.J., Scaradavou A., Stevens C.E. Indirect evidence that maternal microchimerism in cord blood mediates a graft-versus-leukemia effect in cord blood transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012;109:2509–2514. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1119541109. PubMed DOI PMC

Pessina A., Cocce V., Pascucci L., Bonomi A., Cavicchini L., Sisto F., Ferrari M., Ciusani E., Crovace A., Falchetti M.L., et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells primed with Paclitaxel attract and kill leukaemia cells, inhibit angiogenesis and improve survival of leukaemia-bearing mice. Br. J. Haematol. 2013;160:766–778. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12196. PubMed DOI

Ciavarella S., Grisendi G., Dominici M., Tucci M., Brunetti O., Dammacco F., Silvestris F. In vitro anti-myeloma activity of TRAIL-expressing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Br. J. Haematol. 2012;157:586–598. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09082.x. PubMed DOI

Bock A.M., Knorr D., Kaufman D.S. Development, expansion, and in vivo monitoring of human NK cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) J. Vis. Exp. 2013:e50337. doi: 10.3791/50337. PubMed DOI PMC

Themeli M., Kloss C.C., Ciriello G., Fedorov V.D., Perna F., Gonen M., Sadelain M. Generation of tumor-targeted human T lymphocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells for cancer therapy. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013;31:928–933. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2678. PubMed DOI PMC

Thomas E.D., Lochte H.L., Jr., Lu W.C., Ferrebee J.W. Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1957;257:491–496. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195709122571102. PubMed DOI

Singh A.K., McGuirk J.P. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Historical and Scientific Overview. Cancer Res. 2016;76:6445–6451. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-1311. PubMed DOI

Bair S.M., Brandstadter J.D., Ayers E.C., Stadtmauer E.A. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for blood cancers in the era of precision medicine and immunotherapy. Cancer. 2020;126:1837–1855. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32659. PubMed DOI

Panch S.R., Szymanski J., Savani B.N., Stroncek D.F. Sources of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Methods to Optimize Yields for Clinical Cell Therapy. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23:1241–1249. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.05.003. PubMed DOI

Khaddour K., Mewawalla P. StatPearls StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL) StatPearls Publishing; Petersburg, FL, USA: 2020. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. PubMed

Gschweng E., De Oliveira S., Kohn D.B. Hematopoietic stem cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev. 2014;257:237–249. doi: 10.1111/imr.12128. PubMed DOI PMC

Puig-Saus C., Parisi G., Garcia-Diaz A., Krystofinski P.E., Sandoval S., Zhang R., Champhekar A.S., McCabe J., Cheung-Lau G.C., Truong N.A., et al. IND-Enabling Studies for a Clinical Trial to Genetically Program a Persistent Cancer-Targeted Immune System. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019;25:1000–1011. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0963. PubMed DOI PMC

Rapoport A.P., Stadtmauer E.A., Binder-Scholl G.K., Goloubeva O., Vogl D.T., Lacey S.F., Badros A.Z., Garfall A., Weiss B., Finklestein J., et al. NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-engineered T cells mediate sustained antigen-specific antitumor effects in myeloma. Nat. Med. 2015;21:914–921. doi: 10.1038/nm.3910. PubMed DOI PMC

Gimble J.M., Guilak F., Nuttall M.E., Sathishkumar S., Vidal M., Bunnell B.A. In vitro Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 2008;35:228–238. doi: 10.1159/000124281. PubMed DOI PMC

Luo L., Li T.S. Mini review: Recent advances in the cell-based therapies for cardiac regeneration. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2020 doi: 10.2174/1574888X15666200102103755. PubMed DOI

Rozier P., Maria A., Goulabchand R., Jorgensen C., Guilpain P., Noel D. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Systemic Sclerosis: Allogenic or Autologous Approaches for Therapeutic Use? Front. Immunol. 2018;9:2938. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02938. PubMed DOI PMC

Conrad S., Weber K., Walliser U., Geburek F., Skutella T. Stem Cell Therapy for Tendon Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2019;1084:61–93. doi: 10.1007/5584_2018_194. PubMed DOI

Bago J.R., Soler-Botija C., Casani L., Aguilar E., Alieva M., Rubio N., Bayes-Genis A., Blanco J. Bioluminescence imaging of cardiomyogenic and vascular differentiation of cardiac and subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells in fibrin patches in a myocardium infarct model. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;169:288–295. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.09.013. PubMed DOI

Chulpanova D.S., Kitaeva K.V., Tazetdinova L.G., James V., Rizvanov A.A., Solovyeva V.V. Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Agent Delivery in Anti-tumor Treatment. Front. Pharmacol. 2018;9:259. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00259. PubMed DOI PMC

Bago J.R., Pegna G.J., Okolie O., Hingtgen S.D. Fibrin matrices enhance the transplant and efficacy of cytotoxic stem cell therapy for post-surgical cancer. Biomaterials. 2016;84:42–53. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Sun Z., Wang S., Zhao R.C. The roles of mesenchymal stem cells in tumor inflammatory microenvironment. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2014;7:14. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-14. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu S., Menu E., De Becker A., Van Camp B., Vanderkerken K., Van Riet I. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are attracted by multiple myeloma cell-produced chemokine CCL25 and favor myeloma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells. 2012;30:266–279. doi: 10.1002/stem.787. PubMed DOI

Klopp A.H., Spaeth E.L., Dembinski J.L., Woodward W.A., Munshi A., Meyn R.E., Cox J.D., Andreeff M., Marini F.C. Tumor irradiation increases the recruitment of circulating mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11687–11695. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1406. PubMed DOI PMC

Li X., Lu Y., Huang W., Xu H., Chen X., Geng Q., Fan H., Tan Y., Xue G., Jiang X. In vitro effect of adenovirus-mediated human Gamma Interferon gene transfer into human mesenchymal stem cells for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Hematol. Oncol. 2006;24:151–158. doi: 10.1002/hon.779. PubMed DOI

Bonomi A., Steimberg N., Benetti A., Berenzi A., Alessandri G., Pascucci L., Boniotti J., Cocce V., Sordi V., Pessina A., et al. Paclitaxel-releasing mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the growth of multiple myeloma cells in a dynamic 3D culture system. Hematol. Oncol. 2017;35:693–702. doi: 10.1002/hon.2306. PubMed DOI

Cocce V., Farronato D., Brini A.T., Masia C., Gianni A.B., Piovani G., Sisto F., Alessandri G., Angiero F., Pessina A. Drug Loaded Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (GinPa-MSCs) Inhibit In Vitro Proliferation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:9376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09175-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Dwyer R.M., Khan S., Barry F.P., O’Brien T., Kerin M.J. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated gene therapy for cancer. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2010;1:25. doi: 10.1186/scrt25. PubMed DOI PMC

Klingemann H., Matzilevich D., Marchand J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells—Sources and Clinical Applications. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 2008;35:272–277. doi: 10.1159/000142333. PubMed DOI PMC

Lin H.D., Fong C.Y., Biswas A., Choolani M., Bongso A. Human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly Stem Cell Conditioned Medium Induces Tumoricidal Effects on Lymphoma Cells Through Hydrogen Peroxide Mediation. J. Cell. Biochem. 2016;117:2045–2055. doi: 10.1002/jcb.25501. PubMed DOI

Lee M.W., Park Y.J., Kim D.S., Park H.J., Jung H.L., Lee J.W., Sung K.W., Koo H.H., Yoo K.H. Human Adipose Tissue Stem Cells Promote the Growth of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in NOD/SCID Mice. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2018;14:451–460. doi: 10.1007/s12015-018-9806-0. PubMed DOI

Song N., Gao L., Qiu H., Huang C., Cheng H., Zhou H., Lv S., Chen L., Wang J. Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit leukemia/lymphoma cell proliferation in vitro and in a mouse model of allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2015;36:139–149. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2191. PubMed DOI PMC

Ramasamy R., Lam E.W., Soeiro I., Tisato V., Bonnet D., Dazzi F. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells: Impact on in vivo tumor growth. Leukemia. 2007;21:304–310. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404489. PubMed DOI

Sarmadi V.H., Tong C.K., Vidyadaran S., Abdullah M., Seow H.F., Ramasamy R. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation of lymphoid origin haematopoietic tumour cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. Med. J. Malaysia. 2010;65:209–214. PubMed

Ning H., Yang F., Jiang M., Hu L., Feng K., Zhang J., Yu Z., Li B., Xu C., Li Y., et al. The correlation between cotransplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and higher recurrence rate in hematologic malignancy patients: Outcome of a pilot clinical study. Leukemia. 2008;22:593–599. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405090. PubMed DOI

Manabe A., Coustan-Smith E., Behm F.G., Raimondi S.C., Campana D. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells prevent apoptotic cell death in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1992;79:2370–2377. doi: 10.1182/blood.V79.9.2370.2370. PubMed DOI

Nwabo Kamdje A.H., Mosna F., Bifari F., Lisi V., Bassi G., Malpeli G., Ricciardi M., Perbellini O., Scupoli M.T., Pizzolo G., et al. Notch-3 and Notch-4 signaling rescue from apoptosis human B-ALL cells in contact with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Blood. 2011;118:380–389. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-326694. PubMed DOI

Di Ianni M., Del Papa B., De Ioanni M., Moretti L., Bonifacio E., Cecchini D., Sportoletti P., Falzetti F., Tabilio A. Mesenchymal cells recruit and regulate T regulatory cells. Exp. Hematol. 2008;36:309–318. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.11.007. PubMed DOI

Sotiropoulou P.A., Perez S.A., Gritzapis A.D., Baxevanis C.N., Papamichail M. Interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells. Stem Cells. 2006;24:74–85. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0359. PubMed DOI

Roorda B.D., ter Elst A., Kamps W.A., de Bont E.S. Bone marrow-derived cells and tumor growth: Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to tumor micro-environments with special focus on mesenchymal stem cells. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2009;69:187–198. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.06.004. PubMed DOI

Xia B., Tian C., Guo S., Zhang L., Zhao D., Qu F., Zhao W., Wang Y., Wu X., Da W., et al. c-Myc plays part in drug resistance mediated by bone marrow stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Res. 2015;39:92–99. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.11.004. PubMed DOI

Cai J., Wang J., Huang Y., Wu H., Xia T., Xiao J., Chen X., Li H., Qiu Y., Wang Y., et al. ERK/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission is involved in the MSC-induced drug resistance of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2459. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.370. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee M.W., Ryu S., Kim D.S., Lee J.W., Sung K.W., Koo H.H., Yoo K.H. Mesenchymal stem cells in suppression or progression of hematologic malignancy: Current status and challenges. Leukemia. 2019;33:597–611. doi: 10.1038/s41375-018-0373-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Barber C.L., Iruela-Arispe M.L. The ever-elusive endothelial progenitor cell: Identities, functions and clinical implications. Pediatr. Res. 2006;59:26R–32R. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000203553.46471.18. PubMed DOI

Chopra H., Hung M.K., Kwong D.L., Zhang C.F., Pow E.H.N. Insights into Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Origin, Classification, Potentials, and Prospects. Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:9847015. doi: 10.1155/2018/9847015. PubMed DOI PMC

Laurenzana A., Margheri F., Chilla A., Biagioni A., Margheri G., Calorini L., Fibbi G., Del Rosso M. Endothelial Progenitor Cells as Shuttle of Anticancer Agents. Hum. Gene Ther. 2016;27:784–791. doi: 10.1089/hum.2016.066. PubMed DOI

Keighron C., Lyons C.J., Creane M., O’Brien T., Liew A. Recent Advances in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 2018;5:354. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00354. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhao X., Liu H.Q., Li J., Liu X.L. Endothelial progenitor cells promote tumor growth and progression by enhancing new vessel formation. Oncol. Lett. 2016;12:793–799. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.4733. PubMed DOI PMC

Takahashi K., Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663–676. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. PubMed DOI

Lei F., Haque R., Weiler L., Vrana K.E., Song J. T lineage differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Immunol. 2009;260:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.09.005. PubMed DOI

Watarai H., Fujii S., Yama da D., Rybouchkin A., Sakata S., Nagata Y., Iida-Kobayashi M., Sekine-Kondo E., Shimizu K., Shozaki Y., et al. Murine induced pluripotent stem cells can be derived from and differentiate into natural killer T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2010;120:2610–2618. doi: 10.1172/JCI42027. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang L., Tian L., Dai X., Yu H., Wang J., Lei A., Zhao W., Zhu Y., Sun Z., Zhang H., et al. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived CAR-Macrophage Cells with Antigen-dependent Anti-Cancer Cell Functions for Liquid and Solid Tumors. bioRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.28.011270. PubMed DOI PMC

Yasuda S., Kusakawa S., Kuroda T., Miura T., Tano K., Takada N., Matsuyama S., Matsuyama A., Nasu M., Umezawa A., et al. Tumorigenicity-associated characteristics of human iPS cell lines. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0205022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205022. PubMed DOI PMC

Selection, Expansion, and Unique Pretreatment of Allogeneic Human Natural Killer Cells with Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibody for Efficient Multiple Myeloma Treatment