Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a ubiquitously expressed Ca2+ sensor protein that induces permeation of Orai Ca2+ channels upon endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-store depletion. A drop in luminal Ca2+ causes partial unfolding of the N-terminal STIM1 domains and thus initial STIM1 activation. We compared the STIM1 structure upon Ca2+ depletion from our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a recent 2D NMR structure. Simulation- and structure-based results showed unfolding of two α-helices in the canonical and in the non-canonical EF-hand. Further, we structurally and functionally evaluated mutations in the non-canonical EF-hand that have been shown to cause tubular aggregate myopathy. We found these mutations to cause full constitutive activation of Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ currents (ICRAC) and to promote autophagic processes. Specifically, heterologously expressed STIM1 mutations in the non-canonical EF-hand promoted translocation of the autophagy transcription factors microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and transcription factor EB (TFEB) into the nucleus. These STIM1 mutations additionally stimulated an enhanced production of autophagosomes. In summary, mutations in STIM1 that cause structural unfolding promoted Ca2+ down-stream activation of autophagic processes.

BioTechMed Graz A 8010 Graz Austria

Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic CZ 373 33 Nove Hrady Czech Republic

Gottfried Schatz Research Center Medical University of Graz A 8010 Graz Austria

Institute of Biophysics JKU Life Science Center Johannes Kepler University Linz A 4020 Linz Austria

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CRAC channel opening is determined by a series of Orai1 gating checkpoints in the transmembrane and cytosolic regions

Blockage of Store-Operated Ca2+ Influx by Synta66 is Mediated by Direct Inhibition of the Ca2+ Selective Orai1 Pore