Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15-91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising ~6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe.

Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Białowieża Poland

Biological Laboratory Agency for Environment and Climate Protection Bolzano Italy

Carabinieri Biodiversity and Park Protection Department Castel di Sangro Biodiversity Unit L'Aquila Italy

CEAB 17300 Blanes Spain

CEBC UMR7372 CNRS and La Rochelle University 79360 Villiers en bois France

Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Hasselt Belgium

Centre For Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto Porto Portugal

Czech Academy of Sciences Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany

Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland

Department of Ecosystem Research Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries and Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Natural Forests Forest Research Institute Białowieża Poland

Dipartimento di Architettura Design e Urbanistica Università degli Studi di Sassari Sassari Italy

Dynafor INRAE University of Toulouse France and CESCO Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Univ Paris France and LTSER Zone Atelier Pyrénées Garonne Auzeville Tolosane France

Ecological Sciences James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen UK

Environmental Archaeology Lab Department of Historical Philosophical and Religious Studies Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Finnish Environment Institute Biodiversity Centre Helsinki Finland

Flanders Marine Institute Ostend Belgium

Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fishery and Food Oostende Belgium

Forest Research Farnham UK

Forest Services Autonomous Province of Bolzano South Tyrol Bolzano Italy

Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

IMEDEA 07190 Esporles Spain

Institute for Atmospheric and Earth system Research Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Institute of Biology University of Latvia Salaspils Latvia

Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS Branch Nitra Slovakia

Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Marine Sciences National Research Council Venice Italy

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología Jaca Spain

Kainuu Centre for Economic Development Transport and the Environment Kajaani Finland

LTSER Zone Atelier Armorique 35042 Rennes France

LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort France

Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle Germany

MTA Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary

Northwest German Forest Research Institute Göttingen Germany

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA Oslo Norway

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Oslo Norway

Oulanka Research Station University of Oulu Infrastructure Platform Kuusamo Finland

Ramat Hanadiv Zikhron Ya'akov Israel

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Brussels Belgium

Rothamsted Research North Wyke Okehampton Devon UK

Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University Yerseke The Netherlands

School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine unit Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management University of Camerino Camerino Italy

Senckenberg am Meer Marine Research Department Wilhelmshaven Germany

Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany

Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology Nijmegen The Netherlands

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Gothenburg Sweden

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian UK

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UK

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

UMR 0980 BAGAP INRAE Institut Agro ESA Rennes France

University of Applied Sciences Trier Environmental Campus Birkenfeld Birkenfeld Germany

University of Duisburg Essen Essen Germany

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Department of Ecosystem Biology and Soil and Water Research Infrastructure Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute Ljubljana and UNESCO Chair on Karst Education University of Nova Gorica Vipava Slovenia

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