MRI-derived brain measures offer a link between genes, the environment and behavior and have been widely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). However, many neuroimaging studies of BD have been underpowered, leading to varied results and uncertainty regarding effects. The Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Bipolar Disorder Working Group was formed in 2012 to empower discoveries, generate consensus findings and inform future hypothesis-driven studies of BD. Through this effort, over 150 researchers from 20 countries and 55 institutions pool data and resources to produce the largest neuroimaging studies of BD ever conducted. The ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group applies standardized processing and analysis techniques to empower large-scale meta- and mega-analyses of multimodal brain MRI and improve the replicability of studies relating brain variation to clinical and genetic data. Initial BD Working Group studies reveal widespread patterns of lower cortical thickness, subcortical volume and disrupted white matter integrity associated with BD. Findings also include mapping brain alterations of common medications like lithium, symptom patterns and clinical risk profiles and have provided further insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of BD. Here we discuss key findings from the BD working group, its ongoing projects and future directions for large-scale, collaborative studies of mental illness.

APHP Mondor University Hospitals DMU IMPACT Créteil France

Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit Hospital Clinic Institute of Neurosciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Bloorview Research Institute Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada

Brain Mind and Society Research Hub Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia

Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics Los Angeles California USA

Center for Psychiatric Research Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Center of Excellent on Mood Disorders UTHealth Houston Houston Texas USA

Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland

Chief Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch Bethesda Maryland USA

CIBERSAM Madrid Spain

College of Intelligence Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha China

Core Facility Brainimaging Faculty of Medicine University of Marburg Marburg Germany

Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA

Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of General Psychiatry Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany

Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Mental Disorder Research National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan

Department of Neuroimaging Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK

Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Neuropsychology and Clinical Psychology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany

Department of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy

Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan Milan Italy

Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital Oslo Norway

Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam UMC location AMC Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences UTHealth Houston Houston Texas USA

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior University of California Los Angeles California USA

Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Faculty Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Philipps University Marburg Marburg Germany

Department of Psychiatry Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA

Department of Psychiatry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada

Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center Erasmus University Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA

Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry Service Hospitalo Universitaire GHU Paris Psychiatrie and Neurosciences Paris France

Department of Psychiatry The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Psychiatry University of California La Jolla California USA

Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany

Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Oxford UK

Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA

Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

Department of Psychology School of Social Sciences and Arts City University of London London UK

Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles California USA

Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Department of Radiology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne Switzerland

Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Desert Pacific MIRECC VA San Diego Healthcare San Diego California USA

Division of Mental Health and Addicition Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Division of Neuroscience Psychiatry and Psychobiology Unit IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy

Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands

Early Psychosis Interventions and Clinical detection lab Department of Psychosis Studies Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK

Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Pathophysiology Program Department of Psychiatry UTHealth University of Texas Houston Texas USA

Faculty of Computer Science Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada

FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation Barcelona Spain

Genentech Inc South San Francisco California USA

Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Los Angeles California USA

Hurvitz Brain Sciences Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada

Imaging Genetics Center Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA

IMPACT Institute The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation School of Medicine Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia

INSERM U1216 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences La Tronche France

INSERM U955 team 15 Translational Neuro Psychiatry Créteil France

Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain

Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Intramural Research Program National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda Maryland USA

Laboratory of Mechanics and Materials School of Engineering Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece

Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil

MEG Core Facility Bethesda Maryland USA

Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre Department of Psychiatry University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health Melbourne Victoria Australia

Milken Institute Center for Strategic Philanthropy Washington District of Columbia USA

Mood Disorders Program Hospital Universitario Trastorno del Ánimo Medellín Colombia

Mood Disorders Research Program Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA

Mood Disorders Unit Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil

MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University Cardiff UK

National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Neuroscience Research Australia Randwick New South Wales Australia

Neurospin CEA Paris Saclay team UNIACT Gif sur Yvette France

Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Department of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

P1vital Ltd Wallingford UK

Papanikolaou General Hospital Thessaloniki Greece

PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Psychosomatic and CL Psychiatry Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Research Group in Psychiatry GIPSI Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia

Research Group Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica Medellín Colombia

SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia

School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia

Section of Psychiatry Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy

Signal Processing Lab École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Stockholm Health Care Services Stockholm County Council Stockholm Sweden

The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Centre for Youth Mental Health Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry The University of Melbourne Orygen Melbourne Victoria Australia

UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics Los Angeles California USA

Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil

Université de Paris Paris France

University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA

University of Grenoble Alpes CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France

Vita Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy

West Region Institute of Mental Health Singapore Singapore

Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Abe, C. , Ekman, C. J. , Sellgren, C. , Petrovic, P. , Ingvar, M. , & Landen, M. (2015). Manic episodes are related to changes in frontal cortex: A longitudinal neuroimaging study of bipolar disorder 1. Brain, 138(Pt 11), 3440–3448. 10.1093/brain/awv266 PubMed DOI

Abramovic, L. , Boks, M. P. , Vreeker, A. , Bouter, D. C. , Kruiper, C. , Verkooijen, S. , … van Haren, N. E. (2016). The association of antipsychotic medication and lithium with brain measures in patients with bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(11), 1741–1751. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.371 PubMed DOI

Adams, H. H. , Hibar, D. P. , Chouraki, V. , Stein, J. L. , Nyquist, P. A. , Renteria, M. E. , … Thompson, P. M. (2016). Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome‐wide association. Nature Neuroscience, 19(12), 1569–1582. 10.1038/nn.4398 PubMed DOI PMC

Altimus, C. (2019) Supporting wellness: A survey of lived experience. [PDF file]. Retrieved from: http://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/reports-pdf/Supporting%20Wellness%20-%20Survey%20of%20Lived%20Experience%20with%20Depression%20and%20Bipolar%20Updated.pdf

Altshuler, L. L. , Bartzokis, G. , Grieder, T. , Curran, J. , Jimenez, T. , Leight, K. , … Mintz, J. (2000). An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 48(2), 147–162. 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00836-2 PubMed DOI

American Psychiatric Association & American Psychiatric Association. DSM‐5 Task Force . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM‐5 (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

Atkinson, A. J. , Colburn, W. A. , DeGruttola, V. G. , DeMets, D. L. , Downing, G. J. , Hoth, D. F. , … Grp, B. D. W. (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 69(3), 89–95. 10.1067/mcp.2000.113989 PubMed DOI

Bearden, C. E. , & Thompson, P. M. (2017). Emerging global initiatives in Neurogenetics: The enhancing neuroimaging genetics through meta‐analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Neuron, 94(2), 232–236. 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.033 PubMed DOI PMC

Bigos, K. L. , & Weinberger, D. R. (2010). Imaging genetics‐‐days of future past. NeuroImage, 53(3), 804–809. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.035 PubMed DOI

Bipolar Disorder & Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics, C . (2018). Genomic dissection of Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, including 28 subphenotypes. Cell, 173(7), 1705–1715. 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.046 PubMed DOI PMC

Boedhoe, P. S. , Schmaal, L. , Abe, Y. , Ameis, S. H. , Arnold, P. D. , Batistuzzo, M. C. , … van den Heuvel, O. A. (2017). Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: A worldwide meta‐ and mega‐analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(1), 60–69. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.1602020 PubMed DOI PMC

Boedhoe, P. S. W. , Schmaal, L. , Abe, Y. , Alonso, P. , Ameis, S. H. , Anticevic, A. , … van den Heuvel, O. A. (2018). Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive‐compulsive disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA obsessive‐compulsive disorder working group. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(5), 453–462. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050485 PubMed DOI PMC

Bora, E. (2015). Developmental trajectory of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: Comparison with schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(2), 158–168. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.09.007 PubMed DOI

Borsboom, D. , & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608 PubMed DOI

Botvinik‐Nezer, R. , Holzmeister, F. , Camerer, C. F. , Dreber, A. , Huber, J. , Johannesson, M. , … Schonberg, T. (2020). Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams. Nature, 582, 84–88. 10.1038/s41586-020-2314-9 PubMed DOI PMC

Brainstorm, C. , Anttila, V. , Bulik‐Sullivan, B. , Finucane, H. K. , Walters, R. K. , Bras, J. , … Murray, R. (2018). Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science, 360(6395), eaap8757. 10.1126/science.aap8757 PubMed DOI PMC

Brouwer, R. M. , Panizzon, M. S. , Glahn, D. C. , Hibar, D. P. , Hua, X. , Jahanshad, N. , … Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2017). Genetic influences on individual differences in longitudinal changes in global and subcortical brain volumes: Results of the ENIGMA plasticity working group. Human Brain Mapping, 38(9), 4444–4458. 10.1002/hbm.23672 PubMed DOI PMC

Button, K. S. , Ioannidis, J. P. , Mokrysz, C. , Nosek, B. A. , Flint, J. , Robinson, E. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(5), 365–376. doi:10.1038/nrn3475 PubMed DOI

Canales‐Rodriguez, E. J. , Pomarol‐Clotet, E. , Radua, J. , Sarro, S. , Alonso‐Lana, S. , Del Mar Bonnin, C. , … Salvador, R. (2014). Structural abnormalities in bipolar euthymia: A multicontrast molecular diffusion imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 76(3), 239–248. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.027 PubMed DOI

Caspers, S. , Zilles, K. , Laird, A. R. , & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). ALE meta‐analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain. NeuroImage, 50(3), 1148–1167. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112 PubMed DOI PMC

Chang, K. , Karchemskiy, A. , Barnea‐Goraly, N. , Garrett, A. , Simeonova, D. I. , & Reiss, A. (2005). Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(6), 565–573. 10.1097/01.chi.0000159948.75136.0d PubMed DOI

Charney, A. W. , Ruderfer, D. M. , Stahl, E. A. , Moran, J. L. , Chambert, K. , Belliveau, R. A. , … Sklar, P. (2017). Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 7(1), e993. 10.1038/tp.2016.242. PubMed DOI PMC

Chepenik, L. G. , Raffo, M. , Hampson, M. , Lacadie, C. , Wang, F. , Jones, M. M. , … Blumberg, H. P. (2010). Functional connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala at low frequency in the resting state in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 182(3), 207–210. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.04.002 PubMed DOI PMC

Ching, C. R. K. , Gutman, B. A. , Sun, D. , Villalon Reina, J. , Ragothaman, A. , Isaev, D. , … Bearden, C. E. (2020). Mapping subcortical brain alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Effects of deletion size and convergence with idiopathic neuropsychiatric illness. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(7), 589–600. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060583 PubMed DOI PMC

Correll, C. U. , Penzner, J. B. , Frederickson, A. M. , Richter, J. J., Auther, A. M., Smith, C. W., … Cornblatt, B. A. (2007). Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: Evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3(3), 703–714. 10.1093/schbul/sbm028 PubMed DOI PMC

Cross‐Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium . (2013). Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: A genome‐wide analysis. Lancet, 381(9875), 1371–1379. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62129-1 PubMed DOI PMC

de Zwarte, S. M. C. , Brouwer, R. M. , Agartz, I. , Alda, M., Aleman, A., Alpert, K. I., … van Haren, N. E. M. (2019). The association between familial risk and brain abnormalities is disease‐specific: an ENIGMA–Relatives study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 86(7), 545–556. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.985 PubMed DOI PMC

Dennis, E. L. , Disner, S. G. , Fani, N. , Salminen, L. E. , Logue, M. , Clarke, E. K. , … Morey, R. A. (2019). Altered white matter microstructural organization in posttraumatic stress disorder across 3047 adults: Results from the PGC‐ENIGMA PTSD consortium. Molecular Psychiatry. 10.1038/s41380-019-0631-x PubMed DOI PMC

Duffy, A. , Vandeleur, C. , Heffer, N. , & Preisig, M. (2017). The clinical trajectory of emerging bipolar disorder among the high‐risk offspring of bipolar parents: Current understanding and future considerations. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 5(1), 37. 10.1186/s40345-017-0106-4 PubMed DOI PMC

Dumas‐Mallet, E. , Button, K. S. , Boraud, T. , Gonon, F. , & Munafo, M. R. (2017). Low statistical power in biomedical science: A review of three human research domains. Royal Society Open Science, 4(2), 160254. 10.1098/rsos.160254 PubMed DOI PMC

Ekman, M. , Granstrom, O. , Omerov, S. , Jacob, J. , & Landen, M. (2013). The societal cost of bipolar disorder in Sweden. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(10), 1601–1610. 10.1007/s00127-013-0724-9 PubMed DOI

Farrell, M. S. , Werge, T. , Sklar, P. , Owen, M. J. , Ophoff, R. A. , O'Donovan, M. C. , … Sullivan, P. F. (2015). Evaluating historical candidate genes for schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(5), 555–562. 10.1038/mp.2015.16 PubMed DOI PMC

Favre, P. , Pauling, M. , Stout, J. , Hozer, F. , Sarrazin, S. , Abé, C. , … Houenou, J. (2019). Widespread white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder: Evidence from mega‐ and meta‐analyses across 3033 individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 2285–2293. 10.1038/s41386-019-0485-6 PubMed DOI PMC

Fischl, B. , Salat, D. H. , Busa, E. , Albert, M. , Dieterich, M. , Haselgrove, C. , … Dale, A. M. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33(3), 341–355. 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00569-x PubMed DOI

Fried, E. I. , von Stockert, S. , Haslbeck, J. M. B. , Lamers, F. , Schoevers, R. A. , & Penninx, B. (2019). Using network analysis to examine links between individual depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates. Psychological Medicine, 1–9. 10.1017/S0033291719002770 PubMed DOI

Gandal, M. J. , Haney, J. R. , Parikshak, N. N. , Leppa, V. , Ramaswami, G. , Hartl, C. , … Geschwind, D. H. (2018). Shared molecular neuropathology across major psychiatric disorders parallels polygenic overlap. Science, 359(6376), 693–697. 10.1126/science.aad6469 PubMed DOI PMC

Ganzola, R. , & Duchesne, S. (2017). Voxel‐based morphometry meta‐analysis of gray and white matter finds significant areas of differences in bipolar patients from healthy controls. Bipolar Disorders, 19(2), 74–83. 10.1111/bdi.12488 PubMed DOI

Glahn, D. C. , Thompson, P. M. , & Blangero, J. (2007). Neuroimaging endophenotypes: Strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function. Human Brain Mapping, 28(6), 488–501. 10.1002/hbm.20401 PubMed DOI PMC

Gottesman, I. I. , & Shields, J. (1973). Genetic theorizing and schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 122(566), 15–30. 10.1192/bjp.122.1.15 PubMed DOI

Gottesman, I. I. , & Shields, J. (1976). A critical review of recent adoption, twin, and family studies of schizophrenia: Behavioral genetics perspectives. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2(3), 360–401. 10.1093/schbul/2.3.360 PubMed DOI

Grasby, K. L. , Jahanshad, N. , Painter, J. N. , Colodro‐Conde, L. , Bralten, J. , Hibar, D. P. , … Medland, S. (2020). Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis Consortium‐Genetics working group. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science, 367(6484). 10.1126/science.aay6690 PubMed DOI PMC

Guglielmi, G. (2018). The world's largest set of brain scans are helping reveal the workings of the mind and how diseases ravage the brain. Science. 10.1126/science.aat0994 DOI

Hajek, T. , Bauer, M. , Simhandl, C. , Rybakowski, J. , O'Donovan, C. , Pfennig, A. , … Alda, M. (2014). Neuroprotective effect of lithium on hippocampal volumes in bipolar disorder independent of long‐term treatment response. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 507–517. 10.1017/S0033291713001165 PubMed DOI

Hajek, T. , Calkin, C. , Blagdon, R. , Slaney, C. , Uher, R. , & Alda, M. (2014). Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and brain structure in bipolar disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(12), 2910–2918. 10.1038/npp.2014.148 PubMed DOI PMC

Hajek, T. , Cullis, J. , Novak, T. , Kopecek, M. , Blagdon, R. , Propper, L. , … Alda, M. (2013). Brain structural signature of familial predisposition for bipolar disorder: Replicable evidence for involvement of the right inferior frontal gyrus. Biological Psychiatry, 73(2), 144–152. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.015 PubMed DOI PMC

Hajek, T. , Kopecek, M. , Hoschl, C. , & Alda, M. (2012). Smaller hippocampal volumes in patients with bipolar disorder are masked by exposure to lithium: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 37(5), 333–343. 10.1503/jpn.110143 PubMed DOI PMC

Hajek, T. , Kopecek, M. , Kozeny, J. , Gunde, E. , Alda, M. , & Hoschl, C. (2009). Amygdala volumes in mood disorders‐‐meta‐analysis of magnetic resonance volumetry studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(3), 395–410. 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.007 PubMed DOI

Hajek, T. , McIntyre, R. , & Alda, M. (2016). Bipolar disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the brain. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(1), 1–6. 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000215 PubMed DOI

Han, K. M. , De Berardis, D. , Fornaro, M. , & Kim, Y. K. (2019). Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies. Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 91, 20–27. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.022 PubMed DOI

Hanford, L. C. , Nazarov, A. , Hall, G. B. , & Sassi, R. B. (2016). Cortical thickness in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Bipolar Disorders, 18(1), 4–18. 10.1111/bdi.12362 PubMed DOI

Haukvik, U. K. , Gurholt, T. P. , Nerland, S. , Elvsåshagen, T. , Akudjedu, T. N. , Alda, M. , … for the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working group . (2020). In vivo hippocampal subfield volumes in bipolar disorder – A mega‐analysis from the ENIGMA consortium. In submission Human Brain Mapping. PubMed PMC

Hawrylycz, M. J. , Lein, E. S. , Guillozet‐Bongaarts, A. L. , Shen, E. H. , Ng, L. , Miller, J. A. , … Abajian, C. (2012). An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature, 489(7416), 391. PubMed PMC

Hibar, D. P. , Adams, H. H. H. , Jahanshad, N. , Chauhan, G. , Stein, J. L. , Hofer, E. , … Ikram, M. A. (2017). Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume. Nature Communications, 8, 13624. 10.1038/ncomms13624 PubMed DOI PMC

Hibar, D. P. , Stein, J. L. , Renteria, M. E. , Arias‐Vasquez, A. , Desrivieres, S. , Jahanshad, N. , … Medland, S. E. (2015). Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature, 520(7546), 224–229. 10.1038/nature14101 PubMed DOI PMC

Hibar, D. P. , Westlye, L. T. , Doan, N. T. , Jahanshad, N. , Cheung, J. W. , Ching, C. R. K. , … Andreassen, O. A. (2018). Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: An MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar disorder working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(4), 932–942. 10.1038/mp.2017.73 PubMed DOI PMC

Hibar, D. P. , Westlye, L. T. , van Erp, T. G. , Rasmussen, J. , Leonardo, C. D. , Faskowitz, J. , … Andreassen, O. A. (2016). Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(12), 1710–1716. 10.1038/mp.2015.227 PubMed DOI PMC

Hilland, E. , Landro, N. I. , Kraft, B. , Tamnes, C. K. , Fried, E. I. , Maglanoc, L. A. , & Jonassen, R. (2019). Exploring the links between specific depression symptoms and brain structure: A network study. In Exploring the links between specific depression symptoms and brain. Structure: A Network Study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 10.1111/pcn.12969 PubMed DOI

Holland, D. , Frei, O. , Desikan, R. , Fan, C. C. , Shadrin, A. A. , Smeland, O. B. , … Dale, A. M. (2020). Beyond SNP heritability: Polygenicity and discoverability of phenotypes estimated with a univariate Gaussian mixture model. PLoS Genetics, 16(5), e1008612. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008612 PubMed DOI PMC

Hoogman, M. , Bralten, J. , Hibar, D. P. , Mennes, M. , Zwiers, M. P. , Schweren, L. S. J. , … Franke, B. (2017). Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: A cross‐sectional mega‐analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(4), 310–319. 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-4 PubMed DOI PMC

Hoogman, M. , Muetzel, R. , Guimaraes, J. P. , Shumskaya, E. , Mennes, M. , Zwiers, M. P. , … Franke, B. (2019). Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: A coordinated analysis of large‐scale clinical and population‐based samples. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(7), 531–542. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033 PubMed DOI PMC

Insel, T. R. (2014). The NIMH research domain criteria (RDoC) project: Precision medicine for psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(4), 395–397. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020138 PubMed DOI

Ioannidis, J. P. (2008). Why most discovered true associations are inflated. Epidemiology, 19(5), 640–648. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131e7 PubMed DOI

Ioannidis, J. P. (2011). Excess significance bias in the literature on brain volume abnormalities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(8), 773–780. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.28 PubMed DOI

Ioannidis, J. P. (2017). Acknowledging and overcoming nonreproducibility in basic and preclinical research. JAMA, 317(10), 1019–1020. 10.1001/jama.2017.0549 PubMed DOI

Jack, C. R., Jr. , Bennett, D. A. , Blennow, K. , Carrillo, M. C. , Dunn, B. , Haeberlein, S. B. , … Contributors . (2018). NIA‐AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement, 14(4), 535–562. 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 PubMed DOI PMC

Jahanshad, N. , Kochunov, P. V. , Sprooten, E. , Mandl, R. C. , Nichols, T. E. , Almasy, L. , … Glahn, D. C. (2013). Multi‐site genetic analysis of diffusion images and voxelwise heritability analysis: A pilot project of the ENIGMA‐DTI working group. NeuroImage, 81, 455–469. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.061 PubMed DOI PMC

Jahanshad, N. , Madsen, S. , Azatian, Y. , Hibar, D. P. , Thompson, P. M. , Gil, Y. (2015) Supporting the consortium for enhancing NeuroImaging genetics through meta‐analysis (ENIGMA) through the organic data science framework. Presented at the Conference on Science of Team Science (SciTS), Bethesda, MD, June 2015.

Johnstone, E. C. , Crow, T. J. , Frith, C. D. , Husband, J. , & Kreel, L. (1976). Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, 2(7992), 924–926. 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90890-4 PubMed DOI

Kelly, S. , Jahanshad, N. , Zalesky, A. , Kochunov, P. , Agartz, I. , Alloza, C. , … Donohoe, G. (2018). Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: Results from the ENIGMA schizophrenia DTI working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(5), 1261–1269. 10.1038/mp.2017.170 PubMed DOI PMC

Kempf, L. , Hussain, N. , & Potash, J. B. (2005). Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features: Trouble at the borders. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(1), 9–19. 10.1080/09540260500064959 PubMed DOI

Koshiyama, D. , Fukunaga, M. , Okada, N. , Morita, K. , Nemoto, K. , Usui, K. , … COCORO . (2019). White matter microstructural alterations across four major psychiatric disorders: Mega‐analysis study in 2937 individuals. Molecular Psychiatry, 25, 883–895. 10.1038/s41380-019-0553-7 PubMed DOI PMC

Le, B. D. , & Stein, J. L. (2019). Mapping causal pathways from genetics to neuropsychiatric disorders using genome‐wide imaging genetics: Current status and future directions. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 73(7), 357–369. 10.1111/pcn.12839 PubMed DOI PMC

Linke, J. , King, A. V. , Poupon, C. , Hennerici, M. G. , Gass, A. , & Wessa, M. (2013). Impaired anatomical connectivity and related executive functions: Differentiating vulnerability and disease marker in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 74(12), 908–916. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.010 PubMed DOI

Logue, M. W. , van Rooij, S. J. H. , Dennis, E. L. , Davis, S. L. , Hayes, J. P. , Stevens, J. S. , … Morey, R. A. (2018). Smaller hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multisite ENIGMA‐PGC study: Subcortical Volumetry results from posttraumatic stress disorder consortia. Biological Psychiatry, 83(3), 244–253. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.006 PubMed DOI PMC

Lyoo, I. K. , Dager, S. R. , Kim, J. E. , Yoon, S. J. , Friedman, S. D. , Dunner, D. L. , & Renshaw, P. F. (2010). Lithium‐induced gray matter volume increase as a neural correlate of treatment response in bipolar disorder: A longitudinal brain imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(8), 1743–1750. 10.1038/npp.2010.41 PubMed DOI PMC

Mackey, S. , Allgaier, N. , Chaarani, B. , Spechler, P. , Orr, C., Bunn, J. , … Garavan H. ENIGMA Addiction Working Group . (2019). Mega‐analysis of gray matter volume in substance dependence: General and substance‐specific regional effects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 119–128. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17040415 PubMed DOI PMC

Mahon, K. , Burdick, K. E. , & Szeszko, P. R. (2010). A role for white matter abnormalities in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(4), 533–554. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.012 PubMed DOI PMC

McInnis, M. G. , & Greden, J. F. (2016). Longitudinal studies: An essential component for complex psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience Research, 102, 4–12. 10.1016/j.neures.2015.05.004 PubMed DOI

Merikangas, K. R. , Jin, R. , He, J. P. , Kessler, R. C. , Lee, S. , Sampson, N. A. , … Zarkov, Z. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(3), 241–251. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12 PubMed DOI PMC

Miller, K. L. , Alfaro‐Almagro, F. , Bangerter, N. K. , Thomas, D. L. , Yacoub, E. , Xu, J. , … Smith, S. M. (2016). Multimodal population brain imaging in the UKbiobank prospective epidemiological study. Nature Neuroscience, 19(11), 1523–1536. 10.1038/nn.4393 PubMed DOI PMC

Moore, G. J. , Bebchuk, J. M. , Wilds, I. B. , Chen, G. , & Manji, H. K. (2000). Lithium‐induced increase in human brain grey matter. Lancet, 356(9237), 1241–1242. 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02793-8 PubMed DOI

Moore, G. J. , Cortese, B. M. , Glitz, D. A. , Zajac‐Benitez, C. , Quiroz, J. A. , Uhde, T. W. , … Manji, H. K. (2009). A longitudinal study of the effects of lithium treatment on prefrontal and subgenual prefrontal gray matter volume in treatment‐responsive bipolar disorder patients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(5), 699–705. 10.4088/JCP.07m03745 PubMed DOI

Murray, R. M. , & Sham, P. (2004). van OJ, et al. a developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2–3), 405–416. 10.1016/j.schres.2004.03.002 PubMed DOI

Nunes, A. , Schnack, H. G. , Ching, C. R. K. , Agartz, I. , Akudjedu, T. N. , Alda, M. , … Group, E. B. D. W . (2018). Using structural MRI to identify bipolar disorders – 13 site machine learning study in 3020 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar disorders working group. Molecular Psychiatry. 10.1038/s41380-018-0228-9 PubMed DOI PMC

Oldis, M. , Murray, G. , Macneil, C. A. , Hasty, M. K. , Daglas, R. , Berk, M. , … Cotton, S. M. (2016). Trajectory and predictors of quality of life in first episode psychotic mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 148–155. 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.018 PubMed DOI

Pardoe, H. R. , Hiess, R. K. , & Kuzniecky, R. (2016). Motion and morphometry in clinical and nonclinical populations. NeuroImage, 135, 177–185. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.005 PubMed DOI

Passos, I. C. , Ballester, P. L. , Barros, R. C. , Librenza‐Garcia, D. , Mwangi, B. , Birmaher, B. , … Kapczinski, F. (2019). Machine learning and big data analytics in bipolar disorder: A position paper from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders big Data Task Force. Bipolar Disorders, 21(7), 582–594. 10.1111/bdi.12828 PubMed DOI

Patel, Y. , Shin, J. , Gowland, P. A. , Pausova, Z. , Paus, T. , & IMAGEN consortium . (2018). Maturation of the human cerebral cortex during adolescence: Myelin or dendritic arbor? Cerebral Cortex, 29(8), 3351–3362. 10.1093/cercor/bhy204 PubMed DOI PMC

Paulus, M. P. , & Thompson, W. K. (2019). The challenges and opportunities of small effects: The new Normal in academic psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 353–354. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4540 PubMed DOI

Paus, T. (2018). Imaging microstructure in the living human brain: A viewpoint. NeuroImage, 182, 3–7. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.013 PubMed DOI

Pearlson, G. D. (2015). Etiologic, phenomenologic, and endophenotypic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 251–281. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112915 PubMed DOI

Perlick, D. A. , Rosenheck, R. R. , Clarkin, J. F. , Raue, P. , & Sirey, J. (2001). Impact of family burden and patient symptom status on clinical outcome in bipolar affective disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(1), 31–37. 10.1097/00005053-200101000-00006 PubMed DOI

Phillips, M. L. , & Swartz, H. A. (2014). A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: Toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(8), 829–843. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081008 PubMed DOI PMC

Phillips, M. L. , & Vieta, E. (2007). Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: Toward DSM‐V. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(4), 893–904. 10.1093/schbul/sbm060 PubMed DOI PMC

Quevedo, J. , & Yatham, L. N. (2018). Biomarkers in mood disorders: Are we there yet? Journal of Affective Disorders, 233, 1–2. 10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.002 PubMed DOI

Rimol, L. M. , Hartberg, C. B. , Nesvag, R. , Fennema‐Notestine, C. , Hagler, D. J., Jr. , Pung, C. J. , … Agartz, I. (2010). Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(1), 41–50. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.036 PubMed DOI

Rimol, L. M. , Nesvag, R. , Hagler, D. J., Jr. , Bergmann, O. , Fennema‐Notestine, C. , Hartberg, C. B. , … Dale, A. M. (2012). Cortical volume, surface area, and thickness in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 71(6), 552–560. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.026 PubMed DOI

Rink, L. , Pagel, T. , Franklin, J. , & Baethge, C. (2016). Characteristics and heterogeneity of schizoaffective disorder compared with unipolar depression and schizophrenia ‐ a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 191, 8–14. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.045 PubMed DOI

Salagre, E. , Dodd, S. , Aedo, A. , Rosa, A. , Amoretti, S. , Pinzon, J. , … Grande, I. (2018). Toward precision psychiatry in Bipolar disorder: Staging 2.0. Front. Psychiatry, 9, 641. 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00641 PubMed DOI PMC

Sarrazin, S. , Poupon, C. , Linke, J. , Wessa, M. , Phillips, M. , Delavest, M. , … Houenou, J. (2014). A multicenter tractography study of deep white matter tracts in bipolar I disorder: Psychotic features and interhemispheric disconnectivity. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(4), 388–396. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4513 PubMed DOI

Sarrazin, S. , Poupon, C. , Teillac, A. , Mangin, J. F. , Polosan, M. , Favre, P. , … Houenou, J. (2019). Higher in vivo cortical intracellular volume fraction associated with lithium therapy in Bipolar disorder: A multicenter NODDI study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(3), 171–176. 10.1159/000498854 PubMed DOI

Satizabal, C. L. , Adams, H. H. H. , Hibar, D. P. , White, C. C. , Knol, M. J. , Stein, J. L. , … Ikram, M. A. (2019). Genetic architecture of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals. Nature Genetics, 51(11), 1624–1636. 10.1038/s41588-019-0511-y PubMed DOI PMC

Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics, C . (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia‐associated genetic loci. Nature, 511(7510), 421–427. 10.1038/nature13595 PubMed DOI PMC

Schmaal, L. , Hibar, D. P. , Samann, P. G. , Hall, G. B. , Baune, B. T. , Jahanshad, N. , … Veltman, D. J. (2017). Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 22(6), 900–909. 10.1038/mp.2016.60 PubMed DOI PMC

Schmaal, L. , Veltman, D. J. , van Erp, T. G. , Samann, P. G. , Frodl, T. , Jahanshad, N. , … Hibar, D. P. (2016). Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(6), 806–812. 10.1038/mp.2015.69 PubMed DOI PMC

Sepede, G. , Chiacchiaretta, P. , Gambi, F. , Di Iorio, G. , De Berardis, D. , Ferretti, A. , … Di Giannantonio, M. (2020). Bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features: fMRI correlates of sustained attention. Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 98, 109817. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109817 PubMed DOI

Sepede, G. , De Berardis, D. , Campanella, D. , Perrucci, M. G. , Ferretti, A. , Salerno, R. M. , … Gambi, F. (2015). Neural correlates of negative emotion processing in bipolar disorder. Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1–10. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.016 PubMed DOI

Sepede, G. , De Berardis, D. , Campanella, D. , Perrucci, M. G. , Ferretti, A. , Serroni, N. , … Gambi, F. (2012). Impaired sustained attention in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and non‐affected relatives: An fMRI study. Bipolar Disorders, 14(7), 764–779. 10.1111/bdi.12007 PubMed DOI

Shin, J. , French, L. , Xu, T. , Leonard, G. , Perron, M. , Pike, G. B. , … Paus, T. (2017). Cell‐specific gene‐expression profiles and cortical thickness in the human brain. Cerebral Cortex, 28(9), 3267–3277. 10.1093/cercor/bhx197 PubMed DOI

Smit, D. J. A. , Wright, M. J. , Meyers, J. L. , Martin, N. G. , Ho, Y. Y. W. , Malone, S. M. , … Boomsma, D. I. (2018). Genome‐wide association analysis links multiple psychiatric liability genes to oscillatory brain activity. Human Brain Mapping, 39(11), 4183–4195. 10.1002/hbm.24238 PubMed DOI PMC

Smith, S. M. , Jenkinson, M. , Johansen‐Berg, H. , Rueckert, D. , Nichols, T. E. , Mackay, C. E. , … Behrens, T. E. (2006). Tract‐based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi‐subject diffusion data. NeuroImage, 31(4), 1487–1505. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024 PubMed DOI

Stahl, E. A. , Breen, G. , Forstner, A. J. , McQuillin, A. , Ripke, S. , Trubetskoy, V. , … Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium . (2019). Genome‐wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nature Genetics, 51(5), 793–803. 10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8 PubMed DOI PMC

Stein, J. L. , Medland, S. E. , Vasquez, A. A. , Hibar, D. P. , Senstad, R. E. , Winkler, A. M. , … Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis, C . (2012). Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes. Nature Genetics, 44(5), 552–561. 10.1038/ng.2250 PubMed DOI PMC

Sun, D. , Ching, C. R. K. , Lin, A. , Forsyth, J. K. , Kushan, L. , Vajdi, A. , … Bearden, C. E. (2018). Large‐scale mapping of cortical alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Convergence with idiopathic psychosis and effects of deletion size. Mol psychiatry. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0078-5 PubMed DOI PMC

Thompson, P. M. , Jahanshad, N. , Ching, C. R. K. , Salminen, L. E. , Thomopoulos, S. , … The ENIGMA Consortium . (2020). ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large‐scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries as a neural correlate of treatment. Translational Psychiatry, 10, 100. 10.1038/s41398-020-0705-1 PubMed DOI PMC

Thompson, P. M. , Stein, J. L. , Medland, S. E. , Hibar, D. P. , Vasquez, A. A. , Renteria, M. E. , … Saguenay Youth Study Group . (2014). The ENIGMA consortium: Large‐scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 8(2), 153–182. 10.1007/s11682-013-9269-5 PubMed DOI PMC

van der Meer, D. , Frei, O. , Kaufmann, T. , Shandrin, A. A. , Devor, A. , Smeland, O. A. , … Dale, A. M. (2019). Making the MOSTest of imaging genetics. BioRxiv. 10.1101/767905 DOI

van Erp, T. G. , Hibar, D. P. , Rasmussen, J. M. , Glahn, D. C. , Pearlson, G. D. , Andreassen, O. A. , … Turner, J. A. (2016). Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(4), 585. 10.1038/mp.2015.118 PubMed DOI PMC

van Erp, T. G. M. , Walton, E. , Hibar, D. P. , Schmaal, L. , Jiang, W. , Glahn, D. C. , … Turner, J. A. (2018). Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing Neuro imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Biological Psychiatry, 84(9), 644–654. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.023 PubMed DOI PMC

Van Gestel, H. , Franke, K. , Petite, J. , Slaney, C. , Garnham, J. , Helmick, C. , … Hajek, T. (2019). Brain age in bipolar disorders: Effects of lithium treatment. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(12), 1179–1188. 10.1177/0004867419857814 PubMed DOI

van Rooij, D. , Anagnostou, E. , Arango, C. , Auzias, G. , Behrmann, M. , Busatto, G. F. , … Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Cortical and subcortical brain Morphometry differences between patients with autism Spectrum disorder and healthy individuals across the lifespan: Results from the ENIGMA ASD working group. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 359–369. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010100 PubMed DOI PMC

van Velzen, L. S. , Kelly, S. , Isaev, D. , Aleman, A. , Aftanas, L. I. , Bauer, J. , … Schmaal, L. (2019). White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder: A coordinated analysis across 20 international cohorts in the ENIGMA MDD working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(7), 1511–1525. 10.1038/s41380-019-0477-2 PubMed DOI PMC

Venkatasubramanian, G. , & Keshavan, M. S. (2016). Biomarkers in psychiatry ‐ a critique. Annals of Neurosciences, 23(1), 3–5. 10.1159/000443549 PubMed DOI PMC

Vieta, E. , Berk, M. , Schulze, T. G. , Carvalho, A. F. , Suppes, T. , Calabrese, J. R. , … Grande, I. (2018). Bipolar disorders. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 4, 18008. 10.1038/nrdp.2018.8 PubMed DOI

Vieta, E. , & Phillips, M. L. (2007). Deconstructing bipolar disorder: A critical review of its diagnostic validity and a proposal for DSM‐V and ICD‐11. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(4), 886–892. 10.1093/schbul/sbm057 PubMed DOI PMC

Vigneau, M. , Beaucousin, V. , Herve, P. Y. , Duffau, H. , Crivello, F. , Houde, O. , … Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N. (2006). Meta‐analyzing left hemisphere language areas: Phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. NeuroImage, 30(4), 1414–1432. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002 PubMed DOI

Vigo, D. , Thornicroft, G. , & Atun, R. (2016). Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), 171–178. 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2 PubMed DOI

Villalon‐Reina, J. E. , Martinez, K. , Qu, X. , Ching, C. R. K. , Nir, T. M. , Kothapalli, D. , … Bearden, C. E. (2019). Altered white matter microstructure in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A multisite diffusion tensor imaging study. Mol psychiatry. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0450-0 PubMed DOI PMC

Wang, F. , Kalmar, J. H. , Edmiston, E. , Chepenik, L. G. , Bhagwagar, Z. , Spencer, L. , … Blumberg, H. P. (2008). Abnormal corpus callosum integrity in bipolar disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 64(8), 730–733. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.001 PubMed DOI PMC

Westlye, L. T. , Alnaes, D. , van der Meer, D. , Kaufmann, T. , & Andreassen, O. A. (2019). Population‐based mapping of polygenic risk for schizophrenia on the human brain: New opportunities to capture the dimensional aspects of severe mental disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 86(7), 499–501. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.001 PubMed DOI

Whelan, C. D. , Altmann, A. , Botia, J. A. , Jahanshad, N. , Hibar, D. P. , Absil, J. , … Sisodiya, S. M. (2018). Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study. Brain, 141(2), 391–408. 10.1093/brain/awx341 PubMed DOI PMC

Wolfers, T. , Doan, N. T. , Kaufmann, T. , Alnaes, D. , Moberget, T. , Agartz, I. , … Marquand, A. F. (2018). Mapping the heterogeneous phenotype of schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder using normative models. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(11), 1146–1155. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467 PubMed DOI PMC

World Health Organization . (1993). The ICD‐10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Wray, N. R. , Ripke, S. , Mattheisen, M. , Trzaskowski, M. , Byrne, E. M. , Abdellaoui, A. , … Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium . (2018). Genome‐wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature Genetics, 50(5), 668–681. 10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 PubMed DOI PMC

Yao, N. L. , Winkler, A. M. , Barrett, J. , Book, G. A. , Beetham, T. , Horseman, R. , … Glahn, D. C. (2017). Inferring pathobiology from structural MRI in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Modeling head motion and neuroanatomical specificity. Human Brain Mapping, 38(8), 3757–3770. 10.1002/hbm.23612 PubMed DOI PMC

Yatham, L. N. , Kauer‐Sant'Anna, M. , Bond, D. J. , Lam, R. W. , & Torres, I. (2009). Course and outcome after the first manic episode in patients with bipolar disorder: Prospective 12‐month data from the systematic treatment optimization program for early mania project. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(2), 105–112. 10.1177/070674370905400208 PubMed DOI

Zhang, H. , Schneider, T. , Wheeler‐Kingshott, C. A. , & Alexander, D. C. (2012). NODDI: Practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain. NeuroImage, 61(4), 1000–1016. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.07 PubMed DOI

Zugman, A. , Harrewijn, A. , Cardinale, E. M. , Zwiebel, H. , Freitag, G. F. , Werwath, K. E. , … Winkler, A. M. , for the ENIGMA‐Anxiety Working Group (2020). Mega‐analysis methods in ENIGMA: The experience of the generalized anxiety disorder working group. PsyArXiv Preprint DOI 10.31234/osf.io/n62vc. PubMed DOI

Genomics yields biological and phenotypic insights into bipolar disorder

Mega-analysis of association between obesity and cortical morphology in bipolar disorders: ENIGMA study in 2832 participants

Smartphone-based interventions in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analyses of efficacy. A position paper from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Big Data Task Force

Association between body mass index and subcortical brain volumes in bipolar disorders-ENIGMA study in 2735 individuals