Increasing evidence-synthesized in this paper-shows that economic growth contributes to biodiversity loss via greater resource consumption and higher emissions. Nonetheless, a review of international biodiversity and sustainability policies shows that the majority advocate economic growth. Since improvements in resource use efficiency have so far not allowed for absolute global reductions in resource use and pollution, we question the support for economic growth in these policies, where inadequate attention is paid to the question of how growth can be decoupled from biodiversity loss. Drawing on the literature about alternatives to economic growth, we explore this contradiction and suggest ways forward to halt global biodiversity decline. These include policy proposals to move beyond the growth paradigm while enhancing overall prosperity, which can be implemented by combining top-down and bottom-up governance across scales. Finally, we call the attention of researchers and policy makers to two immediate steps: acknowledge the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in future policies; and explore socioeconomic trajectories beyond economic growth in the next generation of biodiversity scenarios.

Berlin Workshop in Institutional Analysis of Social Ecological Systems Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Biology Department University of Victoria Victoria Canada

Biology Program Faculty of Natural Sciences Universidad del Rosario Bogotá Colombia

Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier Université Paul Valéry Montpellier École Pratique des Hautes Études IRD Montpellier France

Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management Writtle University College Chelmsford UK

Community Ecology and Conservation research group Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic

CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

CSIC Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

Department of Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Universitat de Barcelona Catalonia Spain

Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada

Department of International Environment and Development Studies Ås Norway

Division of Conservation Biology Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley Berkeley United States

Environment Agency Austria Vienna Austria

Freelance biodiversity conservationist Zagreb Croatia

Geography Department Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

ICREA Barcelona Spain

InForest Joint Research Unit Solsona Spain

Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines Los Baños College Laguna Philippines

Institute of Environmental Science and Technology Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Institute of Social Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human Environment Systems Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway

Oxford Martin School University of Oxford Oxford UK

Research and Degrowth Barcelona Spain

Research and Degrowth France Cerbère France

The Nature Conservancy London UK

UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Department of Community Ecology Halle Germany

UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Department of Ecosystem Services and Department of Environmental Economics Leipzig Germany

University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

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