Powdery mildew, a common cereal disease caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis, is a major limiting factor of barley production and genetic resistance is the most appropriate protection against it. To aid the breeding of new cultivars and their marketing, resistance genes can be postulated in homogeneous accessions. Although hybrid cultivars (F1) should be homogeneous, they are often not genetically uniform, especially if more than two genotypes are involved in their seed production or due to undesirable self-pollination, out-crossing and mechanical admixtures. To overcome these problems the accepted method of postulating specific resistance genes based on comparing response type arrays (RTAs) of genetically homogeneous cultivars with RTAs of standard genotypes was substituted by analysing the frequency of response types to clusters of pathogen isolates in segregating F2 generations. This method combines a genetic and phytopathological approach for identifying resistance genes. To assess its applicability six hybrid cultivars were screened and from three to seven with a total of 14 resistance genes were found. Two genes were newly located at the Mla locus and their heritability determined. In addition, three unknown dominant genes were detected. This novel, comprehensive and efficient method to identifying resistance genes in hybrid cultivars can also be applied in other cereals and crops.

Department of Integrated Plant Protection Agrotest Fyto Ltd Kroměříž Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Muehleisen J, Maurer HP, Stiewe G, Bury P, Reif JC. Hybrid breeding in barley. Crop Sci. 2013;53:819–824. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2012.07.0411. DOI

Beier S, et al. Construction of a map-based reference genome sequence for barley Hordeum vulgare L. Sci. Data. 2017;4:170044. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.44. PubMed DOI PMC

Appels, R. et al. Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome. Science361, eaar7191. 10.1126/science.aar7191 (2018). PubMed

Langner T, Kamoun S, Belhaj K. CRISPR crops: plant genome editing towards disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2018;56:479–512. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050158. PubMed DOI

Godwin ID, Rutkoski J, Varshney RK, Hickey LT. Technological perspectives for plant breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2019;132:555–557. doi: 10.1007/s00122-019-03321-4. PubMed DOI

Gupta PK, et al. Hybrid wheat: Past, present and future. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2019;132:2463–2483. doi: 10.1007/s00122-019-03397-y. PubMed DOI

Khanday I, Skinner D, Yang B, Mercier R, Sundaresan V. A male-expressed rice embryogenic trigger redirected for asexual propagation through seeds. Nature. 2019;565:91. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0785-8. PubMed DOI

Murray GM, Brennan JP. Estimating disease losses to the Australian barley industry. Aust. Plant Pathol. 2010;39:85–96. doi: 10.1071/AP09064. DOI

Dreiseitl A. Differences in powdery mildew epidemics in spring and winter barley based on 30-year variety trials. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2011;159:49–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2011.00474.x. DOI

Keller B, Krattinger SG. A new player in race-specific resistance. Nat. Plants. 2018;4:197–198. doi: 10.1038/s41477-018-0126-9. PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl, A. Virulence frequency to powdery mildew resistances in winter barley cultivars. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed.44, 160–166. 10.17221/39/2008-CJGPB (2008).

Dreiseitl, A. Pathogenic divergence of Central European and Australian populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Ann. Appl. Biol.165, 364–372. 10:1111/aab.12141 (2014).

Dreiseitl, A. Great pathotype diversity and reduced virulence complexity in a Central European population of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in 2015–2017. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.153, 801–811. 10.1007/s10658-018-1593-6 (2019a).

Dreiseitl, A. Emerging Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei pathotypes reveal ‘Psaknon’ resistance in European barley varieties. J. Agric. Sci.154, 1082–1089. 10.1017/S0021859615001069 (2016).

Dreiseitl A, Yang J. Powdery mildew resistance in a collection of Chinese barley varieties. Genet. Resourc. Crop Evol. 2007;54:259–266. doi: 10.1007/s10722-005-3810-3. DOI

Dreiseitl A. Resistance of ‘Roxana’ to powdery mildew and its presence in some European spring barley cultivars. Plant Breed. 2011;130:419–422. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2010.01786.x. DOI

Dreiseitl A. Resistance of ‘Laverda’ to powdery mildew and its presence in some winter barley cultivars. Cereal Res. Commun. 2011;39:569–576. doi: 10.1556/CRC.2011.002. DOI

Dreiseitl, A. Dissimilarity of barley powdery mildew resistances Heils Hanna and Lomerit. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed.47, 95–100. 10.17221/45/2011-CJGPB (2011d).

Dreiseitl, A. Resistance of barley variety ʻVeneziaʼ and its reflection in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei population. Euphytica214, UNSP 40. 10.1007/s10681-018-2123-5 (2018).

Dreiseitl A. A novel resistance against powdery mildew found in winter barley cultivars. Plant Breed. 2019;138:840–845. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12730. DOI

Dreiseitl A. High diversity of powdery mildew resistance in the ICARDA wild barley collection. Crop Pasture Sci. 2017;68:134–139. doi: 10.1071/CP16221. PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl A. Heterogeneity of powdery mildew resistance revealed in accessions of the ICARDA wild barley collection. Front. Plant Sci. 2017;8:202. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00202. PubMed DOI PMC

McDonald BA, Linde C. Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002;40:349–379. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120501.101443. PubMed DOI

Brown JKM. Durable resistance of crops to disease: a Darwinian perspective. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2015;53:513–539. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045914. PubMed DOI

Anonymous. Beschreibende Sortenliste Getreide, Mais Öl- und Faserpflanzen Leguminosen Rüben Zwischenfrüchte 59–60. Herausgegeben vom Bundessortenamt, Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover (2018).

Dreiseitl A. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015. Plant Breed. 2017;136:351–356. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12471. PubMed DOI PMC

Niks RE, Xiaoquan Q, Marcel TC. Quantitative resistance to biotrophic filamentous plant pathogens: Concepts, misconceptions, and mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2015;53:445–470. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-115928. PubMed DOI

Gupta S, et al. A locus on barley chromosome 5H affects adult plant resistance to powdery mildew. Mol. Breed. 2018;38:103. doi: 10.1007/s11032-018-0858-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Cowger Ch, Brown JKM. Durability of quantitative resistance in crops: Greater then we know? Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2019;57:253–277. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100016. PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl A, Zavřelová M. Identification of barley powdery mildew resistances in gene bank accessions and the use of gene diversity for verifying seed purity and authenticity. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0208719. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208719. PubMed DOI PMC

Dreiseitl A, Steffenson BJ. Postulation of leaf rust resistance genes in Czech and Slovak barley cultivars and breeding lines. Plant Breed. 2000;119:211–214. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00495.x. DOI

Singh D, Park RF, McIntosh RA. Postulation of leaf (brown) rust resistance genes in 70 wheat cultivars grown in the United Kingdom. Euphytica. 2001;120:205–218. doi: 10.1023/A:1017578217829. DOI

Oelke LM, Kolmer JA. Characterization of leaf rust resistance in hard red spring wheat cultivars. Plant Dis. 2004;88:1127–1133. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.10.1127. PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl A. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European winter barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia to 2010. Plant Breed. 2013;132:558–562. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12108. PubMed DOI PMC

Bernhard T, Friedt W, Snowdon RJ, Wittkop B. New insights into genotypic thermodependency of cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid barley breeding. Plant Breed. 2017;136:8–17. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12435. DOI

Jørgensen JH. Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 1994;13:97–119. doi: 10.1080/07352689409701910. DOI

Brown, J. K. M. & Jørgensen, J. H. A catalogue of mildew resistance genes in European barley varieties. In: JH Jørgensen (ed.) Integrated control of cereal mildews: virulence and their change, 263−286. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (1991).

Mundt Ch. Pyramiding for resistance durability: theory and practise. Phytopathol. 2018;108:792–802. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-12-17-0426-RVW. PubMed DOI

Brückner F. A complementary effect of different alleles for mildew resistance in barley. Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 1967;58:122–127.

Brückner F. Possibilities of the use of the 'Nepal 81' cultivar to spring barley breeding for resistance to powdery mildew. Genet. Šlecht. 1986;22:97–102.

Dreiseitl A. Specific resistance of barley to powdery mildew, its use and beyond A concise critical review. Genes. 2020;11:971. doi: 10.3390/genes11090971. PubMed DOI PMC

Hoseinzadeh P, Zhou R, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Niks R, Schweizer P, Stein N. High resolution genetic and physical mapping of a major powdery mildew resistance locus in barley. Front. Plant Sci. 2019;10:146. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019. PubMed DOI PMC

Hoseinzadeh P, Ruge-Wehling B, Schweizer P, Stein N, Pidon H. High resolution mapping of a Hordeum bulbosum-derived powdery mildew resistance locus in barley using distinct homologous introgression lines. Front. Plant Sci. 2020;11:225. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00225. PubMed DOI PMC

Piechota, U., Słowacki, P. & Czembor, P.C. Identification of a novel recessive gene for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Plant Breed. 139, 730–742. 10.1111/pbr.12819 (2020).

Hovmøller MS, et al. The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993–1999. Agronomie. 2000;20:729–743. doi: 10.1051/agro:2000172. DOI

Kølster P, Munk L, Stølen O, Løhde J. Near-isogenic barley lines with genes for resistance to powdery mildew. Crop Sci. 1986;26:903–907. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600050014x. DOI

Torp, J., Jensen, H. P. & Jørgensen, J. H. Powdery mildew resistance genes in 106 Northwest European spring barley cultivars. Year-book, 1978, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark, 75–102 (1978).

Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in European Barley Cultivars Registered in the Czech Republic from 2016 to 2020

Postulation of Specific Disease Resistance Genes in Cereals: A Widely Used Method and Its Detailed Description

Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Single-Plant Progenies Derived from Accessions of a Winter Barley Core Collection

Powdery Mildew Resistance Phenotypes of Wheat Gene Bank Accessions

Specific Resistance of Barley to Powdery Mildew, Its Use and Beyond. A Concise Critical Review