Human activities including those in crop gene banks are subject to errors, especially during seed multiplication and maintenance of seed germination. Therefore, the most serious problem of gene banks is authenticity of the accessions and their genotypic purity. There are many methods for determining the identity of varieties, but comparisons between current data and past records are not easy since the latter are often missing. Breeding barley resistant to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) was traditionally based on incorporating major genes into new varieties and the results have been published. Our goal was to identify resistance genes to powdery mildew in accessions of the Czech spring barley core collection and compare these data with earlier information to establish the authenticity of the accessions. Two hundred and twenty-three accessions of the collection including 665 single plant progenies were tested. Sixty-four selected reference isolates of Bgh representing the world diversity of the pathogen were used for resistance tests. Twenty-two known resistance genes were postulated either separately or in combinations. In the collection, 151 homogeneous accessions were found, but the resistances of nine of them were inconsistent with published data and in 12 accessions their authenticity is doubtful. The remaining 72 accessions were heterogeneous and comprised 176 resistance genotypes, 54 of which were probably mechanical admixtures of other varieties. There are several pathogens of cereals, e.g. rusts and mildews, against which many resistance genes in host crops have also been exploited. Knowledge of these resistances can assist in maintaining pure and genuine stocks in gene banks. Seed purity and the authenticity of accessions can subsequently be checked with more advanced methods.

Department of Integrated Plant Protection Agrotest Fyto Ltd Kroměříž Czech Republic

Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding Agrotest Fyto Ltd Kroměříž Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

van Hintum TJL, Haalman D. Pedigree analysis for composing a core collection of modern cultivars, with examples from barley ( PubMed DOI

van Hintum TJL. Duplication within and between germplasm collections. III. A quantitative model. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2000; 47: 507–513. 10.1023/A:1008703031415 DOI

Ottosson F, von Bothmer R, Diaz O. Genetic variation in three species of PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl A. Powdery mildew resistance in winter barley cultivars. Plant Breed. 2007; 126: 268–273. 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2007.01348.x DOI

Jakob SS, Roedder D, Engler JQ, Shaaf S, Ozkan H, Blattner FR, et al. Evolutionary history of wild barley ( PubMed DOI PMC

Liu F, von Bothmer R, Salomon B. Genetic diversity in European accessions of the barley core collection as detected by isozyme electrophoresis. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2000; 47: 571–581. 10.1023/A:1026532215990 DOI

Bradová J, Sýkorova S, Šasek A, Černý J. Identification of common barley varieties by parallel electrophoresis of hordeins and esterases. Rostl. Vyroba 2001; 47: 167–173.

Xue YC, Chu L. A rapid identification of barley varieties using DNA-AFLP. J. Inst. Brew. 2015; 121: 496–501. 10.1002/jib.253 DOI

van Treuren R, van Hintum TJL. Next-generation genebanking: plant genetic resources management and utilization in the sequencing era. Plant Genet. Resour. 2014; 12: 298–307. 10.1017/S1479262114000082 DOI

Takahagi K, Uehara-Yamaguchi Y, Yoshida T, Sakurai T, Shinozaki K, Mochida K, et al. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms based on RNA sequencing data of diverse bio-geographical accessions in barley. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 33199 10.1038/srep33199 PubMed DOI PMC

Dreiseitl A. Differences in powdery mildew epidemics in spring and winter barley based on 30-year variety trials. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2011; 159: 49–57. 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2011.00474.x DOI

Stanford EH, Briggs FN. Two additional factors for resistance to mildew in barley. J. Agric. Res. 1940; 61: 231–236.

Brückner F. Powdery mildew (

Wiberg A. (1974). Sources of resistance to powdery mildew in barley. Hereditas 1974; 78: 1–40. 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01426.x PubMed DOI

Dreiseitl A. The DOI

Brückner F. Resistance of some European spring barley varieties to seven races of powdery mildew (

Torp J, Jensen HP, Jørgensen JH. Powdery mildew resistance genes in 106 Northwest European spring barley cultivars. In: Yearbook 1978. Copenhagen: Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University; 1978. pp. 75–102.

Schwarzbach E, Fischbeck G. Die Mehltauresistenzfaktoren von Sommer- und Wintergerstensorten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzüchtung–Journal of Plant Breeding 1981; 87: 309–318.

Brown JKM, Jørgensen JH. A catalogue of mildew resistance genes in European barley varieties. In: Jørgensen JH, editor. Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews: Virulence and Their Change Denmark: Risø National Laboratory; 1991. pp. 263–286.

Dreiseitl A, Jørgensen JH. Powdery mildew resistance in Czech and Slovak barley cultivars. Plant Breed. 2000; 119: 203–209. 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00473.x DOI

Dreiseitl A. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015. Plant Breed. 2017; 136: 351−356. 10.1111/pbr.12471 PubMed DOI PMC

Kølster P, Munk L, Stølen O, Løhde J. Near-isogenic barley lines with genes for resistance to powdery mildew. Crop Sci. 1986; 26: 903–907. 10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600050014x DOI

Dreiseitl A, Platz G. Powdery mildew resistance genes in barley varieties grown in Australia. Crop Pasture Sci. 2012; 63: 997–1006. 10.1071/CP12165 DOI

Nover I. Untersuchungen mit einer für den Resistenzträger ʻLyallpur 3645ʼ virulenten Rasse von

Flor HH. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1971; 9: 275–296. 10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.001423 DOI

Dreiseitl A. Postulation of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in spring barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2010. Euphytica 2013; 191: 183–189. 10.1007/s10681-012-0741-x PubMed DOI PMC

Dreiseitl A. Pathogenic divergence of Central European and Australian populations of DOI

Komínková E, Dreiseitl A, Malečková E, Doležel J, Valárik M. Genetic diversity of PubMed DOI PMC

Jørgensen JH. Discovery, characterisation and exploitation of Mlo powdery mildew resistance in barley. Euphytica 1992; 63: 141–152. 10.1007/BF00023919 DOI

Nover I, Lehmann CO. Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben. 14. Prüfung von Sommergersten auf ihr Verhalten gegen Mehltau ( DOI

Jørgensen JH, Jensen HP. Powdery mildew resistance gene

Dreiseitl A, Rashal I. Powdery mildew resistance genes in Latvian barley varieties. Euphytica 2004; 135: 325–332. 10.1023/B:EUPH.0000013372.65004.15 DOI

Hovmøller MS, Caffier V, Jalli M, Anderson O, Besenhofer G, Czembor JH, et al. The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993–1999. Agronomie 2000; 20: 729–743. 10.1051/agro:2000172 DOI

Mitchell AG, Slater SE. Mildew of barley. U.K. Cereal Pathogen Virulence Survey In: Annual Report 1990. United Kingdom: NIAB Cambridge; 1990. pp. 26–32.

Anonymous. Beschreibende Sortenliste Getreide, Mais Ölfrüchte Leguminosen Hackfrüchte. In: Bundessortenamt. Deutschland: Landbuch-Verlag; 1998. pp 82–83.

Jørgensen JH. Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 1994; 13: 97–119. 10.1080/07352689409701910 DOI

Dreiseitl A. Emerging DOI

Dreiseitl A. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European winter barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia to 2010. Plant Breed. 2013; 132: 558–562. 10.1111/pbr.12108 PubMed DOI PMC

Dreiseitl A. Heterogeneity of powdery mildew resistance revealed in accessions of the ICARDA wild barley collection. Front. Plant Sci. 2017; 8: 202 10.3389/fpls.2017.00202 PubMed DOI PMC

Fischbeck G, Schwarzbach E, Sobel Z, Wahl I. Mildew resistance in Israeli populations of 2-rowed wild barley (

Moseman JG, Baenzinger PS, Kilpatrick RA. Genes conditioning resistance of DOI

Dreiseitl A, Dinoor A. Phenotypic diversity of barley powdery mildew resistance sources. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2004; 51: 251–258. 10.1023/B:GRES.0000024010.12369.b3 DOI

Dreiseitl A. High diversity of powdery mildew resistance in the ICARDA wild barley collection. Crop Pasture Sci. 2017; 68: 134–139. 10.1071/CP16221 DOI

Brown AHD, Zohary D, Nevo E. Outcrossing rates and heterozygosity in natural populations of DOI

Hiura U, Heta H. Studies on the disease-resistance in barley. III. Further studies on the physiologic races of

Dreiseitl A, Yang JM. Powdery mildew resistance in a collection of Chinese barley varieties. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2007; 54: 259–266. 10.1007/s10722-005-3810-3 DOI

Chen FQ, Prehn D, Hayes PH, Mulrooney D, Corey A, Vivar H. Manning genes for resistance to barley stripe rust ( PubMed DOI

McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF. Wheat rusts: an atlas of resistance genes. Australia: CSIRO Press, East Melbourne; 1995.

Kolmer JA. Genetics of resistance to wheat leaf rust. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1996; 34: 435–455. 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.435 PubMed DOI

Park RF. Breeding cereals for rust resistance in Australia. Plant Pathol. 2008; 57: 591–602. 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01836.x DOI

Mago R, Tabe L, McIntosh RA, Pretorius Z, Kota R, Paux E, et al. A multiple resistance locus on chromosome arm 3BS in wheat confers resistance to stem rust (Sr2), leaf rust (Lr27) and powdery mildew. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2011; 123: 615–623. 10.1007/s00122-011-1611-y PubMed DOI

Major Genes for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Research and Breeding of Barley: A Few Brief Narratives and Recommendations

Non-Authenticity of Spring Barley Genotypes Revealed in Gene Bank Accessions

Postulation of Specific Disease Resistance Genes in Cereals: A Widely Used Method and Its Detailed Description

Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Single-Plant Progenies Derived from Accessions of a Winter Barley Core Collection

A novel way to identify specific powdery mildew resistance genes in hybrid barley cultivars

Specific Resistance of Barley to Powdery Mildew, Its Use and Beyond. A Concise Critical Review