The Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) list has been defined based on economic importance and supply risk by the European Commission. This review paper describes two issues regarding critical raw materials: the possibilities of their substitution in iron-based alloys and the use of iron-based alloys instead of other materials in order to save CRMs. This review covers strategies for saving chromium in stainless steel, substitution or lowering the amounts of carbide-forming elements (especially tungsten and vanadium) in tool steel and alternative iron-based CRM-free and low-CRM materials: austempered ductile cast iron, high-temperature alloys based on intermetallics of iron and sintered diamond tools with an iron-containing low-cobalt binder.

Anton Paar GmbH Anton Paar Str 20 8054 Graz Austria

Department of Material Science Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Liberec 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic

Department of Materials Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning Polytechnic University of Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy

Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Production Engineering Faculty of Technical Science University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6 21000 Novi Sad Serbia

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche Università Politecnica delle Marche 60131 Ancona Italy

Faculty of Non Ferrous Metals AGH University of Science and Technology 30 059 Krakow Poland

Institute of Mechanics Montanuniversität Leoben Franz Josef Str 18 8700 Leoben Austria

Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry Riga Technical University Pulka 3 LV 1007 Riga Latvia

School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Cranfield University Cranfield MK43 0AL UK

School of Engineering London South Bank University 103 Borough Road London SE1 0AA UK

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