The review article is focused on developments in optical devices, other than laryngoscopes, in airway management and tracheal intubation. It brings information on advantages and limitations in their use, compares different devices, and summarizes benefits in various clinical settings. Supraglottic airway devices may be used as a conduit for fiberscope-guided tracheal intubation mainly as a rescue plan in the scenario of difficult or failed laryngoscopy. Some of these devices offer the possibility of direct endotracheal tube placement. Hybrid devices combine the features of two different intubating tools. Rigid and semi-rigid optical stylets represent another option in airway management. They offer benefits in restricted mouth opening and may be used also for retromolar intubation. Awake flexible fiberoptic intubation has been a gold standard in predicted difficult laryngoscopy for decades. Modern flexible bronchoscopes used in anesthesia and intensive care are disposable devices and contain optical lenses instead of fibers. Endotracheal tubes with an incorporated optics are used mainly in thoracic anesthesia for lung separation. They are available in double-lumen and single-lumen versions. They offer a benefit of direct view to the carina and do not require flexible fiberscope for their correct placement.

1st Department of Surgery Department of Abdominal Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 12800 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Anaesthesia Antrim Area Hospital Antrim BT41 2RL UK

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital U Nemocnice 499 2 12808 Praha Czech Republic

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine University Hospital Motol 5 Úvalu 84 15000 Praha Czech Republic

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine University Hospital Olomouc 1 P Pavlova 185 Nová Ulice 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Medical Faculty Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Pahor A.L. Ear, nose, and throat in Ancient Egypt. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1992;106:773–779. doi: 10.1017/S0022215100120869. PubMed DOI

Szmuk P., Ezri T., Evron S., Roth Y., Katz J. A brief history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation, from the Bronze Age to the Space Age. Intensiv. Care Med. 2008;34:222–228. doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0931-5. PubMed DOI

Garcia M. Observation on the human voice. Laryngoscope. 1905;15:185–194. doi: 10.1288/00005537-190503000-00003. DOI

Rogers J. Postdiphtheritic stenosis of the larynx (retained intubation instruments and retained tracheal canulae) Ann. Surg. 1900;31:547–571. doi: 10.1097/00000658-190001000-00061. PubMed DOI PMC

Wong D.T., Yang J.J., Mak H.Y., Jagannathan N. Use of intubation introducers through a supraglottic airway to facilitate tracheal intubation: A brief review. Can. J. Anaesth. 2012;59:704–715. doi: 10.1007/s12630-012-9714-8. PubMed DOI

Collins S.R., Blank R.S. Fiberoptic intubation: An overview and update. Respir. Care. 2014;59:865–880. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03012. PubMed DOI

Liem E.B., Bjoraker D.G., Gravenstein D. New options for airway management: Intubating fibreoptic stylets. Br. J. Anaesth. 2003;91:408–418. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg011. PubMed DOI

Brain A.I. The laryngeal mask--a new concept in airway management. Br. J. Anaesth. 1983;55:801–805. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.8.801. PubMed DOI

Apfelbaum J.L., Hagberg C.A., Caplan R.A., Blitt C.D., Connis R.T., Nickinovich D.G. Practice guidelines for the management of the difficult airway: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on the Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:251–270. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827773b2. PubMed DOI

Frerk C., Mitchell V.S., McNarry A.F., Mendonca C., Bhagrath R., Patel A., O’Sullivan E.P., Woodall N.M., Ahmad I. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br. J. Anaesth. 2015;115:827–848. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev371. PubMed DOI PMC

Michalek P., Donaldson W. The use of an i-gel supraglottic airway for the airway management of a patient with subglottic stenosis: A case report. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:369–372. PubMed

McAleavey F., Michalek P. Aura-i laryngeal mask as a conduit for elective fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:1151. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06528.x. PubMed DOI

Ferson D.Z., Rosenblatt W.H., Johansen M.J., Osborn I., Ovassapian A. Use of the intubating LMA-Fastrach in 254 patients with difficult-to-manage airways. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:1175–1181. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200111000-00022. PubMed DOI

Gerstein N.S., Braude D.A., Hung O., Sanders J.C., Murphy M.F. The Fastrach™ Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway®: An overview and update. Can. J. Anesth. 2010;57:588–601. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9272-x. PubMed DOI

Joffe A.M., Liew E.C., Galgon R.E., Viernes D., Tregglari M.M. The second-generation Air-Q intubating laryngeal mask for airway maintenance during anaesthesia in adults: A report of the first 70 uses. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care. 2011;39:40–45. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1103900106. PubMed DOI

Jagannathan N., Sohn L., Ramsey M., Huang A., Sawardekar A., Sequera-Ramos L., Kromrey L., De Oliveira G.S. A randomized comparison between the i-gel and the Air-Q supraglottic airways when used by anesthesiology trainees as conduits for tracheal intubation in children. Can. J. Anaesth. 2015;62:587–594. doi: 10.1007/s12630-014-0304-9. PubMed DOI

Jagannathan N., Sohn L.E., Sawardekar A., Gordon J., Shah R.D., Mukherji I.I., Roth A.G., Suresh S. A randomized trial comparing the Ambu Aura-i with the Air-Q intubating laryngeal airway as conduits for tracheal intubation in children. Paediatr. Anaesth. 2012;22:1197–1204. doi: 10.1111/pan.12024. PubMed DOI

Donaldson W., Abraham A., Deighan M., Michalek P. i-gel™ vs. AuraOnce™ laryngeal mask for general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation in paralyzed patients. Biomed. Pap. 2011;55:155–163. doi: 10.5507/bp.2011.023. PubMed DOI

Kleine-Brueggeney M., Theiler L., Urwyler N., Vogt A., Greif R. Randomized trial comparing the i-gel and Magill tracheal tube with the single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal tube for fibreoptic-guided intubation in anaesthetized patients with a predicted difficult airway. Br. J. Anaesth. 2011;107:251–257. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer103. PubMed DOI

Mendonca C., Tourville C.C., Jefferson H., Nowicka A., Patteril M., Athanassoglou V. Fibreoptic-guided tracheal intubation through i-gel® and LMA® Protector™ supraglottic airway devices—A randomised comparison. Anaesthesia. 2019;74:203–210. doi: 10.1111/anae.14475. PubMed DOI

Gasteiger L., Oswald E., Keplinger M., Putzer G., Luger M., Neururer S., Keller C., Moser B. A randomized trial comparing the Ambu Aura-i™and the Ambu Aura Gain™ laryngeal mask as conduit for tracheal intubation in children. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020;86:1143–1150. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14422-5. PubMed DOI

Moser B., Keller C., Audigé L., Dave M.H., Bruppacher H.R. Fiberoptic intubation of severely obese patients through supraglottic airway: A prospective, randomized trial of the Ambu AuraGain™ laryngeal mask vs. the i-gel™ airway. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2019;63:187–194. doi: 10.1111/aas.13242. PubMed DOI

Preece G., Ng I., Lee K., Mezzavia P., Krieser R., Williams D.L., Stewart O., Segal R. A randomised controlled trial comparing fibreoptic-guided tracheal intubation through two supraglottic devices: Ambu AuraGain laryngeal mask and LMA Fastrach™. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care. 2018;46:474–479. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1804600508. PubMed DOI

Metterlein T., Dintenfelder A., Plank C., Graf B., Roth G. A comparison of various supraglottic airway devices for fiberoptical guided tracheal intubation. Braz. J. Anesthesiol. 2017;67:166–171. doi: 10.1016/j.bjan.2016.12.009. PubMed DOI

Bergold M.N., Kahle S., Schultzik T., Bücheler T., Byhahn C. Intubating laryngeal tube suction disposable: Initial clinical experiences with a novel device for endotracheal intubation. Anaesthetist. 2016;65:30–35. doi: 10.1007/s00101-015-0100-0. (In German) PubMed DOI

Liu E.H., Goy R.W., Chen F.G. The LMA CTrach™, a new laryngeal mask airway for endotracheal intubation under vision: Evaluation in 100 patients. Br. J. Anaesth. 2006;96:396–400. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael001. PubMed DOI

Timmermann A., Russo S., Graf B.M. Evaluation of the CTrach—An intubating LMA with integrated fiberoptic system. Br. J. Anaesth. 2006;96:516–521. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael029. PubMed DOI

Liu E.H., Wender R., Goldman A.J. The LMA CTrach in patients with difficult airways. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:941–943. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819b62c7. PubMed DOI

Ojeda A., López A.M., Borrat X., Valero R. Failed tracheal intubation with the LMA-CTrach in two patients with lingual tonsil hyperplasia. Anesth. Analg. 2008;107:601–602. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318176fb0b. PubMed DOI

Abdi W., Ndoko S., Amathieu R., Dhonneur G. Evidence of pulmonary aspiration during difficult airway management of a morbidly obese patient with the LMA CTrach. Br. J. Anaesth. 2008;100:275–277. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem367. PubMed DOI

Gómez-Ríos M.Á., Freire-Vila E., Vízcaíno-Martínez L., Estévez-González E. The Totaltrack: An initial evaluation. Br. J. Anaesth. 2015;115:799–800. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev336. PubMed DOI

Liu E.H., Goy R.W., Lim Y., Chen F.G. Success of tracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airways: A randomized trial of the LMA Fastrach and LMA CTrach. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:201–206. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318167af61. PubMed DOI

Mathew D.G., Ramachandran R., Rewari V., Trikha A. Endotracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA), C-Trach, and Cobra PLA in simulated cervical spine injury patients: A comparative study. J. Anesth. 2014;28:655–661. doi: 10.1007/s00540-014-1794-x. PubMed DOI

Arslan Z.I., Yildiz T., Baykara Z.N., Solak M., Toker K. Tracheal intubation in patients with rigid collar immobilisation of the cervical spine: A comparison of Airtraq and LMA CTrach devices. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:1332–1336. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06053.x. PubMed DOI

Ng S.Y., Ithnin E., Lim Y. Comparison of airway management during anaesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway CTrach and Glidescope. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care. 2007;35:736–742. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0703500513. PubMed DOI

Arslan Z.I., Ozdamar D., Yildiz T.S., Solak Z.M., Toker K. Tracheal intubation in morbidly obese patients: A comparison of the Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway™ and Laryngeal Mask Airway CTrach™. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:261–265. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06991.x. PubMed DOI

Yildiz T.S., Ozdamar D., Arslan I., Solak M., Toker K. The LMA CTrach™ in morbidly obese and lean patients undergoing gynecological procedures: A comparative study. J. Anesth. 2010;24:849–853. doi: 10.1007/s00540-010-1022-2. PubMed DOI

Dhonneur G., Ndoko S.K., Yavchitz A., Foucrier A., Fessenmeyer C., Pollian C., Combes X., Tual L. Tracheal intubation of morbidly obese patients: LMA CTrach vs. direct laryngoscopy. Br. J. Anaesth. 2006;97:742–745. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael219. PubMed DOI

Mihai R., Blair E., Kay H., Cook T.M. A quantitative review and meta-analysis of performance of non-standard laryngoscopes and rigid fibreoptic intubation aids. Anaesthesia. 2008;63:745–760. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05489.x. PubMed DOI

Choonoo J.O., Hofmeyr R., Evans N.R., James M.F., Meyersfeld M.R. A new option in airway management: Evaluation of the TotalTrack video laryngeal mask. S. Afr. J. Anaesth. Analg. 2016;22:52–56. doi: 10.1080/22201181.2016.1159784. DOI

Gaszynski T. TotalTrack video intubating laryngeal mask in super-obese patients—Series of cases. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2016;12:335–338. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S95695. PubMed DOI PMC

Gómez-Ríos M.A., Casans-Francés R., Freire-Vila E., Sastre J.A., López T., Garzón J.C. A prospective evaluation of the Totaltrack video laryngeal mask in paralyzed, anesthetized obese patients. J. Clin. Anesth. 2020;61:109688. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.109688. PubMed DOI

Gómez-Ríos M.Á., Freire-Vila E., Calvo-Vecino J.M. Use of the Totaltrack VLM as a rescue device following failed tracheal intubation. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2019;36:237–239. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000920. PubMed DOI

Gómez-Ríos M.A., Freire-Vila E., Casans-Francés R., Pita-Fernández S. The Totaltrack video laryngeal mask: An evaluation in 300 patients. Anaesthesia. 2019;74:751–757. doi: 10.1111/anae.14637. PubMed DOI

Hurford B.E. The video revolution: A new view of laryngoscopy. Respir. Care. 2010;55:1036–1045. PubMed

Berci G., Katz R. Optical stylet: An aid to intubation and teaching. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1979;88:828–831. doi: 10.1177/000348947908800617. PubMed DOI

Katz R.L., Berci G. The optical stylet—A new intubation technique for adults and children with specific reference to teaching. Anesthesiology. 1979;51:251–254. PubMed

Bonfils P. Difficult intubation in Pierre-Robin children, a new method: The retromolar route. Anaesthetist. 1983;32:363–367. (In German) PubMed

Shikani A.H. New “seeing” stylet-scope and method for the management of the difficult airway. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1999;120:113–116. doi: 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70380-3. PubMed DOI

Levitan R.M. Design rationale and intended use of a short optical stylet for routine fiberoptic augmentation of emergency laryngoscopy. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2006;24:490–495. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.12.024. PubMed DOI

Biro P., Battig U., Henderson J., Seifert B. First clinical experience of tracheal intubation with the SensaScope, a novel steerable semirigid video stylet. Br. J. Anaesth. 2006;97:255–261. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael135. PubMed DOI

Biro P. The SensaScope—A new hybrid video intubation stylet. Saudi J. Anaesth. 2011;5:411–413. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.87271. PubMed DOI PMC

Hagberg C.A. Current concepts in the management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiol. News. 2019;16:1–32. doi: 10.1097/00126869-200129010-00014. DOI

Ong J., Lee C.L., Lai H.Y., Lee Y., Chen T.Y., Shyr M.H. A new video intubating device: Trachway intubating stylet. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:1145. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06092.x. PubMed DOI

Pius J., Ioanidis K., Noppens R.R. Use of the novel C-MAC video stylet in a case of predicted difficult intubation: A case report. A A Pract. 2019;13:88–90. doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000998. PubMed DOI

Xue F.S., Yang B.Q., Liu Y.Y., Li H.X., Yang G.Z. Current evidences for the use of UEscope in airway management. Chin. Med. J. 2017;130:1867–1875. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.211536. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee J.Y., Hur H.J., Park H.Y., Jung W.S., Kim J., Kwak H.J. Comparison between video-lighted stylet (Intular Scope™) and direct laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in patients with normal airway. J. Int. Med. Res. 2020;48:300060520969532. doi: 10.1177/0300060520969532. PubMed DOI PMC

Nowakowski M., Williams S., Gallant J., Ruel M., Robitaille A. Predictors of difficult intubation with the Bonfils rigid fiberscope. Anesth. Analg. 2016;122:1901–1906. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001258. PubMed DOI

Bein B., Worthmann F., Scholz J., Brinkmann F., Tonner P.H., Steinfath M., Dőrges V. A comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the Bonfils intubation fibrescope in patients with predicted difficult airways. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:668–674. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03778.x. PubMed DOI

Faalcetta S., Pecora L., Orsetti G., Gentili P., Rossi A., Gabbanelli V., Adrario E., Donati A., Pelaia P. The Bonfils fiberscope: A clinical evaluation of its learning curve and efficacy in difficult airway management. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012;78:176–184. PubMed

Wahlen B.M., Gercek E. Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the bonfils fiberscope, and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2004;21:907–913. doi: 10.1097/00003643-200411000-00013. PubMed DOI

Rudolph C., Schneider J.P., Wallenborn J., Schaffranietz L. Movement of the upper cervical spine during laryngoscopy: A comparison of the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:668–672. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04224.x. PubMed DOI

Corbanese U., Possamai C. Awake intubation with the Bonfils fibrescope in patients with difficult airway. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2009;26:837–841. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832c6076. PubMed DOI

Mazeres J.E., Lefranc A., Cropet C., Steghens A., Bachmann P., Pérol O., Rosay H. Evaluation of the Bonfils intubating fibrescope for predicted difficult intubation in awake patients with ear, nose and throat cancer. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2011;28:646–650. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283495b85. PubMed DOI

Nassar M., Zanaty O.M., Ibrahim M. Bonfils fiberscope vs. GlideScope for awake intubation in morbidly obese patients with expected difficult airways. J. Clin. Anesth. 2016;32:101–105. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.01.004. PubMed DOI

Kaufmann J., Laschat M., Engelhardt T., Hellmich M., Wappler F. Tracheal intubation with the Bonfils fiberscope in the difficult paediatric airway: A comparison with fiberoptic intubation. Paediatr. Anaesth. 2015;25:372–378. doi: 10.1111/pan.12523. PubMed DOI

Kaufmann J., Laschat M., Hellmich M., Wappler F. A randomised controlled comparison of the Bonfils fiberscope and the GlideScope Cobalt AVL video laryngoscope for visualization of the larynx and intubation of the trachea in infants and small children with normal airways. Paediatr. Anaesth. 2013;23:913–919. doi: 10.1111/pan.12137. PubMed DOI

Pfitzner L., Cooper M.G., Ho D. The Shikani seeing styletTM for difficult intubation in children: Initial experience. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care. 2002;30:462–466. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0203000411. PubMed DOI

Turkstra T.P., Pelz D.M., Shaikh A.A., Craen R.A. Cervical spine motion: A fluoroscopic comparison of Shikani Optical Stylet vs. Macintosh laryngoscope. Can. J. Anaesth. 2007;54:441–447. doi: 10.1007/BF03022029. PubMed DOI

Xu M., Li X.X., Guo X.Y., Wang J. Shikani optical stylet versus Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation in patients undergoing surgery for cervical spondylosis: A randomized controlled trial. Chin. Med. J. 2017;130:297–302. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.198926. PubMed DOI PMC

Mahrous R.S., Ahmed A.M. The Shikani Optical Stylet as an alternative to awake fiberoptic intubation in patients at risk of secondary cervical spine injury: A randomized controlled trial. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 2018;30:354–358. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000454. PubMed DOI

Phua D.S., Mah C.L., Wang C.F. The Shikani optical stylet as an alternative to the GlideScope videolaryngoscope in simulated difficult intubations—A randomized controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:402–406. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07023.x. PubMed DOI

Sangwan Y.S., Palomino J., Simeone F., Koveleskie J. Critical airway management. A suggested modification to the rigid fiber-optic stylet based on 301 novice intubations. J. Bronchol. Interv. Pulmonol. 2012;19:349–357. doi: 10.1097/LBR.0b013e31826ca224. PubMed DOI

Liu X., Zhang Y., Liu Z., Zhang Q., Wu W., Zheng Z., Zhang Z. Application of second-generation Shikani optical stylet in critically ill patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm embolization. J. Int. Med. Res. 2019;47:1565–1572. doi: 10.1177/0300060518822243. PubMed DOI PMC

Cheng T., Wang L.-K., Wu H.-Y., Yang X.-D., Zhang X., Jiao L. Shikani optical stylet for awake nasal intubation in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope. 2020 doi: 10.1002/lary.28763. PubMed DOI

Aziz M., Metz S. Clinical evaluation of the Levitan Optical Stylet. Anaesthesia. 2011;66:579–581. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06708.x. PubMed DOI

Webb A., Kolawole H., Leong S., Loughnan T.E., Crofts T., Bowden C. Comparison of the Bonfils and Levitan optical stylets for tracheal intubation: A clinical study. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care. 2011;39:1093–1097. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1103900618. PubMed DOI

Gaszynski T., Pietrzyk M., Szewczyk T., Gaszynska E. A comparison of performance of endotracheal intubation using the Levitan FPS Optical Stylet or Lary-Flex videolaryngoscope in morbidly obese patients. Sci. World J. 2014;2014:207591. doi: 10.1155/2014/207591. PubMed DOI PMC

Greif R., Kleine-Brueggeney M., Theiler L. Awake tracheal intubation using the Sensascope in 13 patients with an anticipated difficult airway. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:525–528. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06311.x. PubMed DOI

Kleine-Brueggeney M., Greig R., Urwyler N., Wirthmüller B., Theiler L. The performance of rigid scopes for tracheal intubation: A randomized, controlled trial in patients with a simulated difficult airway. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:1456–1463. doi: 10.1111/anae.13626. PubMed DOI

Kriege M., Alflen C., Strauss H., Ott T., Noppens R.R. Usage of a semi-rigid intubation endoscope is not superior to a videolaryngoscope. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing the SensaScope vs. the McGrath Series 5 in surgical patients. Trends Anaesth. Crit. Care. 2018;18:23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.tacc.2018.01.003. DOI

Cheng W.C., Lan C.H., Lai H.Y. The Clarus video system (Trachway) intubating stylet for awake intubation. Anaesthesia. 2011;66:1178–1180. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06948.x. PubMed DOI

Hsu H.T., Chou S.H., Chen C.L., Tseng K.Y., Kuo Y.W., Chen M.K., Cheng K.I. Left endobronchial intubation with a double-lumen tube using direct laryngoscopy or the Trachway video stylet. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:851–855. doi: 10.1111/anae.12340. PubMed DOI

Chan W.-H., Cheng C.-P., Chiu Y.-L., Hsu Y.-C., Hu M.-H., Huang G.-S. Two head positions for orotracheal intubation with the trachway videolight intubating stylet wit manual in-line stabilization: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2020;99:e19645. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019645. PubMed DOI PMC

Lin Y.C., Cho A.H., Lin J.R., Chung Y.T. The Clarus video system (Trachway) and direct laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation with cricoid pressure in simulated rapid sequence induction intubation: A prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19:33. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0703-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee M.C., Tseng K.Y., Shen Y.C., Lin C.H., Hsu C.W., Hsu H.J., Lu I.C., Cheng K.I. Nasotracheal intubation in patients with limited mouth opening: A comparison between fibreoptic intubation and the Trachway. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:31–38. doi: 10.1111/anae.13232. PubMed DOI

Ezhar Y., D’Aragon F., Echave P. Hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation with Bonfils compared to C-MAC videolaryngoscope: A randomized trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18:124. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0592-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Ahmad I., El-Boghadly K., Bhagrath R., Hodzovic I., McNarry A.F., Mir F., O’Sullivan E.P., Patel A., Stacey M., Vaughan D. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia. 2020;75:509–528. doi: 10.1111/anae.14904. PubMed DOI PMC

Murphy P. A fibre-optic endoscope used for nasal intubation. Anaesthesia. 1967;22:489–491. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1967.tb02771.x. PubMed DOI

Pritchett M.A., Oberg C.L., Belanger A., De Cardenas J., Cheng G., Cumbo Nachelli G., Franco-Paredes C., Singh J., Toth J., Zgoda M., et al. Society for Advanced Bronchoscopy Consensus Statement and Guidelines for bronchoscopy and airway management amid the Covid-19 pandemic. J. Thorac. Dis. 2020;12:1781–1798. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2020.04.32. PubMed DOI PMC

Luo F., Darwiche K., Singh S., Torrego A., Steinfort D.P., Gasparini S., Liu D., Zhang W., Fernandez-Bussy S., Herth F.J., et al. Performing bronchoscopy in times of the Covid-19 pandemic: Practice statement from an international expert panel. Respiration. 2020;99:417–422. doi: 10.1159/000507898. PubMed DOI PMC

Orser B.A. Recommendations for endotracheal intubation of Covid-19 patients. Anesth. Analg. 2020;130:1109–1110. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004803. PubMed DOI PMC

Cook T.M., El-Boghdadly K., McGuire B., McNarry A.F., Patel A., Higgs A. Consensus guidelines for managing the airway in patients with COVID-19: Guidelines from Difficult Airway Society, the Association of Anaesthetists the Intensive Care Society, the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2020;75:785–799. doi: 10.1111/anae.15054. PubMed DOI PMC

Sorbello M., Di Giacinto I., Corso R.M., Cataldo R. Prevention is better than the cure, but the cure cannot be worse than the disease: Fibreoptic tracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients. Br. J. Anaesth. 2020;125:e187–e188. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.069. PubMed DOI PMC

Emery A.R., Saniukovich O., Lu Lang A., Tannyhil R.J., III, Wang J. A novel approach to fiberoptic intubation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2020;78:2182.e1–2182.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.07.027. PubMed DOI PMC

Kriege M., Dalberg J., McGrath B.A., Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A., Billgren B., Lund T.K., Thornberg K., Christophersen A.V., Dunn M.J. Evaluation of intubation and intensive care use of the new Ambu aScope™ 4 broncho and Ambu aView™ compared to a customary flexible endoscope: A multicentre prospective, non-interventional study. Trends Anaesth. Crit. Care. 2020;31:35–41. doi: 10.1016/j.tacc.2020.02.001. DOI

Krugel V., Bathory I., Frascarolo P., Schoettker P. Comparison of the single-use Ambu aScope™ 2 vs. the conventional fibrescope for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semirigid collar. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:21–26. doi: 10.1111/anae.12044. PubMed DOI

Kristensen M.S., Fredensborg B.B. The disposable Ambu aScope vs. conventional flexible videoscope for awake intubation—A randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2013;57:888–895. doi: 10.1111/aas.12094. PubMed DOI

Chan J.K., Ng I., Ang J.P., Koh S.M., Lee K., Mezzavia P., Morris J., Loh F., Segal R. Randomised controlled trial comparing the Ambu aScope™2 with a conventional fibreoptic bronchoscope in orotracheal intubation of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesth. Intensive Care. 2015;43:479–484. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1504300410. PubMed DOI

Perbet S., Blanquet M., Mourgues C., Delmas J., Bertran S., Longere B., Boiko-Alaux V., Chennell P., Bazin J.-E., Constantin J.-M. Cost analysis of single-use (Ambu aScope™) and reusable bronchoscopes in the ICU. Ann. Intensive Care. 2017;7:3. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0228-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Tvede M.F., Kristensen M.S., Nyhus-Andreasen M. A cost analysis of reusable and disposable flexible optical scopes for intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2012;56:577–584. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02653.x. PubMed DOI

Zaidi S.R., Collins A.M., Mitsi E., Reiné J., Davies K., Wright A.D., Owugha J., Fitzgerald R., Ganguli A., Gordon S.B., et al. Single use and conventional bronchoscopes for broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) in research: A comparative study. BMC Pulm. Med. 2017;17:83. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0421-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Heitz J.W., Shum P.P., Grunwald Z. Use of a tracheoscopic ventilation tube for endotracheal intubation in the difficult airway. J. Clin. Anesth. 2011;23:403–406. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2010.07.008. PubMed DOI

Bicek V., Krecmerova M., Ungermannova V., Vymazal T. Initial experience with the Vivasight ETView® double-lumen fibreoptic tube in thoracic surgery. Anest. Intenziv. Med. 2014;25:274–276. (In Czech)

Saracoglu A., Saracoglu K.T. VivaSight: A new era in the evolution of tracheal tubes. J. Clin. Anesth. 2016;33:442–449. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.04.034. PubMed DOI

Massot J., Dumand-Nizard V., Fischler M., Le Guen M. Evaluation of the double-lumen tube Vivasight-DL (DLT-ETView): A prospective single-center study. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2015;29:1544–1549. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.04.031. PubMed DOI

Koopman E.M., Barak M., Weber E., Valk M.J., de Schepper R.T., Bouwman R.A., Huitink J.M. Evaluation of a new double-lumen endobronchial tube with an integrated camera (VivaSight-DL(™)): A prospective multicentre observational study. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:962–968. doi: 10.1111/anae.13068. PubMed DOI

Schuepbach R., Grande B., Camen G., Schmidt A.R., Fischer H., Sessler D.I., Seifert B., Spahn D.R., Ruetzler K. Intubation with VivaSight or conventional left-sided double-lumen tubes: A randomized trial. Can. J. Anaesth. 2015;62:762–769. doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0329-8. PubMed DOI

Levy-Faber D., Malyanker Y., Nir R.R., Best L.A., Barak M. Comparison of VivaSight double-lumen tube with a conventional double-lumen tube in adult patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:1259–1263. doi: 10.1111/anae.13177. PubMed DOI

Heir J.S., Guo S.L., Purugganan R., Jackson T.A., Sekhon A.K., Mirza K., Lasala J., Feng L., Cata J.P. A randomized controlled study of the use of video double-lumen endobronchial tubes versus double-lumen endobronchial tubes in thoracic surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2018;32:267–274. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.05.016. PubMed DOI

Qiu J., Feng M., Zhang C., Yao W. VivaSight™ single-lumen tube guided bronchial blocker placement for one-lung ventilation in a patient with a tracheal tumor under video-assisted transthoracic surgery: A case report. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19:2. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0677-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Rispoli M., Nespoli M.R., Mattiacci D.M., Curcio C., Casazza D., Amore D. One lung ventilation management in a patients with Reinke’s edema. Int. J. Surg. Case Rep. 2020;71:294–296. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.04.097. PubMed DOI PMC

Grensemann J., Eichler L., Wang N., Jarczak D., Simon M., Kluge S. Endotracheal tube-mounted camera-assisted intubation versus conventional intubation in intensive care: A prospective, randomised trial (VivalTN) Crit. Care. 2018;22:235. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2152-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Pandit J.J., Popat M.T., Cook T.M., Wilkes A.R., Groom P., Cooke H., Kapila A., O’Sullivan E. The Difficult Airway Society ‘ADEPT’ guidance on selecting airway devices: The basis of a strategy for equipment evaluation. Anaesthesia. 2011;66:726–737. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06787.x. PubMed DOI

Abdelmalak B.B., Doyle J.D. Recent trends in airway management. F1000 Res. 2020;9:355. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.21914.1. PubMed DOI PMC

Evaluation of the insertion parameters and complications of the i-gel Plus airway device for maintaining patent airway during planned procedures under general anaesthesia: a protocol for a prospective multicentre cohort study