Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.

Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology BIONAND Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía Málaga Spain

Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenia

Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad de Málaga IBIMA Spain

Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Warszawa Poland

Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico 2 Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo Napoli Italy

Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff' University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy

Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici University of Milan Italy

Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine University of Milan Milano Italy

Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Jan Kochanowski University Kielce Poland

Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Cancer Center Amsterdam Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Translational Medicine Translational Glycobiology Institute Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine Florida International University Miami FL USA

Division of Medical Inflammation Research Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Turkey

Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Ljubljana Slovenia

I3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Portugal

Immunohematology and Glycobiology Laboratory Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute Badalona Spain

Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Pozzuoli Italy

Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar University of Porto Portugal

IPATIMUP Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology University of Porto Portugal

National Research Council CNR SCITEC Milan Italy

Technical R and D GSK Vaccines S r l Siena Italy

Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Serbia

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