Effects of salinity caused by 150 mM NaCl on primary photochemical reactions and some physiological and biochemical parameters (K+/Na+ ratio, soluble sugars, proline, MDA) have been studied in five Triticum aestivum L. genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance. It was found that 150 mM NaCl significantly decreased the photosynthetic efficiency of two sensitive genotypes. The K+/Na+ ratio decreased in all genotypes exposed to salinity stress when compared with the control. Salinity stress also caused lipid peroxidation and accumulation of soluble sugars and proline. The amounts of soluble sugars and proline were higher in tolerant genotypes than sensitive ones, and lipid peroxidation was higher in sensitive genotypes. The noninvasive measurements of photosynthesis-related parameters indicated the genotype-dependent effects of salinity stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. The significant decrease of chlorophyll content (SPAD values) or adverse effects on photosynthetic functions at the PSII level (measured by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters) were observed in the two sensitive genotypes only. Although the information obtained by different fast noninvasive techniques were consistent, the correlation analyses identified the highest correlation of the noninvasive records with MDA, K+/Na+ ratio, and free proline content. The lower correlation levels were found for chlorophyll content (SPAD) and Fv/Fm values derived from chlorophyll fluorescence. Performance index (PIabs) derived from fast fluorescence kinetics, and F735/F685 ratio correlated well with MDA and Na+ content. The most promising were the results of linear electron flow measured by MultispeQ sensor, in which we found a highly significant correlation with all parameters assessed. Moreover, the noninvasive simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and electrochromic band shift using this sensor indicated the apparent proton leakage at the thylakoid membranes resulting in a high proton conductivity (gH+), present in sensitive genotypes only. The possible consequences for the photosynthetic functions and the photoprotection are discussed.

College of Life Science State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology Shandong Agricultural University Taian People's Republic of China

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Department of Plant Physiology Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia

Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation University of Twente 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands

Institute of Basic Biological Problems Russian Academy of Sciences Pushchino Moscow 142290 Russia

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 11 Izzat Nabiyev Baku AZ 1073 Azerbaijan

K A Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences Botanicheskaya Street 35 Moscow 127276 Russia

Laboratory of Bioclimatology Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Poznan University of Life Sciences Piątkowska 94 60 649 Poznan Poland

Research Institute of Crop Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture of the Azerbaijan Republic Baku Azerbaijan

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Field screening of diverse wheat germplasm for determining their adaptability to semi-arid climatic conditions

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