The ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics is threatening one of the pillars of modern medicine. It was recently understood that bacteria can develop resistance even to silver nanoparticles by starting to produce flagellin, a protein which induces their aggregation and deactivation. This study shows that silver covalently bound to cyanographene (GCN/Ag) kills silver-nanoparticle-resistant bacteria at concentrations 30 times lower than silver nanoparticles, a challenge which has been so far unmet. Tested also against multidrug resistant strains, the antibacterial activity of GCN/Ag is systematically found as potent as that of free ionic silver or 10 nm colloidal silver nanoparticles. Owing to the strong and multiple dative bonds between the nitrile groups of cyanographene and silver, as theory and experiments confirm, there is marginal silver ion leaching, even after six months of storage, and thus very high cytocompatibility to human cells. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest strong interaction of GCN/Ag with the bacterial membrane, and as corroborated by experiments, the antibacterial activity does not rely on the release of silver nanoparticles or ions. Endowed with these properties, GCN/Ag shows that rigid supports selectively and densely functionalized with potent silver-binding ligands, such as cyanographene, may open new avenues against microbial resistance.

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacký University Olomouc Hněvotínská 3 Olomouc 775 15 Czech Republic

Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc 17 listopadu 1192 12 Olomouc 771 46 Czech Republic

Nanotechnology Centre Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies VŠB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 Ostrava Poruba 708 00 Czech Republic

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Olomouc Křížkovského 511 8 Olomouc 779 00 Czech Republic

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic

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