Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that have been linked to microbiome dysbiosis and immune system dysregulation. We investigated the longitudinal effect of anti-TNF therapy on gut microbiota composition and specific immune response to commensals in IBD patients. The study included 52 patients tracked over 38 weeks of therapy and 37 healthy controls (HC). To characterize the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, we used amplicon sequencing of the V3V4 region of 16S rRNA for the bacterial community and of the ITS1 region for the fungal community. We measured total antibody levels as well as specific antibodies against assorted gut commensals by ELISA. We found diversity differences between HC, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis patients. The bacterial community of patients with IBD was more similar to HC at the study endpoint, suggesting a beneficial shift in the microbiome in response to treatment. We identified factors such as disease severity, localization, and surgical intervention that significantly contribute to the observed changes in the gut bacteriome. Furthermore, we revealed increased IgM levels against specific gut commensals after anti-TNF treatment. In summary, this study, with its longitudinal design, brings insights into the course of anti-TNF therapy in patients with IBD and correlates the bacterial diversity with disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).

Dermatovenerology Department 2nd Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Bulovka Charles University Prague 180 81 Prague Czech Republic

IBD Clinical and Research Centre ISCARE a s 190 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Science 140 21 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague 128 08 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

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Lysate of Parabacteroides distasonis prevents severe forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating the priming of T cell response

Paradoxical Reactions to Anti-TNFα and Anti-IL-17 Treatment in Psoriasis Patients: Are Skin and/or Gut Microbiota Involved?

Interindividual differences contribute to variation in microbiota composition more than hormonal status: A prospective study

Association between ustekinumab therapy and changes in specific anti-microbial response, serum biomarkers, and microbiota composition in patients with IBD: A pilot study

Skin microbiota signature distinguishes IBD patients and reflects skin adverse events during anti-TNF therapy