Insects nurture a panoply of microbial populations that are often obligatory and exist mutually with their hosts. Symbionts not only impact their host fitness but also shape the trajectory of their phenotype. This co-constructed niche successfully evolved long in the past to mark advanced ecological specialization. The resident microbes regulate insect nutrition by controlling their host plant specialization and immunity. It enhances the host fitness and performance by detoxifying toxins secreted by the predators and abstains them. The profound effect of a microbial population on insect physiology and behaviour is exploited to understand the host-microbial system in diverse taxa. Emergent research of insect-associated microbes has revealed their potential to modulate insect brain functions and, ultimately, control their behaviours, including social interactions. The revelation of the gut microbiota-brain axis has now unravelled insects as a cost-effective potential model to study neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural dysfunctions in humans. This article reviewed our knowledge about the insect-microbial system, an exquisite network of interactions operating between insects and microbes, its mechanistic insight that holds intricate multi-organismal systems in harmony, and its future perspectives. The demystification of molecular networks governing insect-microbial symbiosis will reveal the perplexing behaviours of insects that could be utilized in managing insect pests.

DBC i4 Center Deshbandhu College University of Delhi Kalkaji New Delhi 110019 India

Department of Botany Hansraj College University of Delhi New Delhi 110007 India

EVA 4 0 Unit Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 Suchdol 16521 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Excelentní Tým pro Mitigaci Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 Suchdol 16521 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Molecular Biology Research Lab Department of Zoology Deshbandhu College University of Delhi Kalkaji New Delhi 110019 India

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